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U+4E16, 世
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E16

[U+4E15]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E17]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 1, +4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 心廿 (PT), four-corner 44717, composition 廿𠃊)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for :
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/一部/四畫#世|一部/四畫]]

Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 77, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31
  • Dae Jaweon: page 155, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 14, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4E16

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts




References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Etymology[edit]

(OC *hljebs) is derived from iterative devoicing of (OC *leb, “leaf”) + *-s suffix, meaning successive foliages of a tree > generations. Compare Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, leaf), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, leaf) and Tibetan ལོ (lo, year).

Pronunciation[edit]


Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
    • sì - vernacular;
    • sè - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
    Harbin /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
    Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
    Jinan /ʂʐ̩²¹/
    Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩³¹²/
    Xi'an /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
    Xining /ʂʐ̩²¹³/
    Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩²¹³/
    Wuhan /sz̩³⁵/
    Chengdu /sz̩¹³/
    Guiyang /sz̩²¹³/
    Kunming /ʂʐ̩²¹²/
    Nanjing /ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /sz̩⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
    Hohhot /sz̩⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /sz̩³⁵/
    Suzhou /sz̩ʷ⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /sz̩⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /sei⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /ɕi³²⁴/
    Tunxi /ɕie⁴²/
    /ɕi¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /sz̩⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /sz̩⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ʃï⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐi³⁵/
    Nanning /sɐi³³/
    Hong Kong /sɐi³³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /se²¹/
    /si²¹/
    /sua²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /siɛ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /si²¹³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ti³⁵/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (26)
    Final () (35)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter syejH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɕiᴇiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɕiɛiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɕjæiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɕiajH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɕiɛiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɕĭɛiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ɕi̯ɛiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    sai3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shì
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ syejH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*l̥ap-s/
    English generation

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11537
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    2
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*hljebs/
    Notes

    Definitions[edit]

    1. generation
        ―  shìdài  ―  generation
      德皇威廉  ―  déhuáng Wēilián èr shì  ―  Kaiser Wilhelm II
    2. (literary, or in compounds) for many generations; spanning many generations
        ―  shì  ―  to inherit; to succeed
        ―  shìchóu  ―  hereditary enemy
    3. (in terms of address) longstanding friendship between two families; generations of family friendship
        ―  shì  ―  uncle (friend of one's father)
    4. lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life
      一生一  ―  yīshēngyīshì  ―  all one's life
      [Cantonese]  ―  haa6 sai3 [Jyutping]  ―  next life
    5. era; period; time
      當今当今  ―  dāngjīn zhī shì  ―  at present; nowadays
    6. (geology) epoch (geochronologic unit)
      全新  ―  quánxīnshì  ―  holocene
    7. world; people in the world
        ―  shìjiè  ―  world
        ―  zàishì  ―  alive
    8. (literary, or in compounds) dynasty; regime
    9. (literary, or in compounds) year; age
    10. (literary, or in compounds) worldly; profane; secular
      人情  ―  rénqíngshì  ―  ways of the world
    11. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (generation): (dài)
    • (for many generations):
    • (lifetime):
    • (era):
    • (world):
    • (dynasty):

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling

    ⟨yo2/yo/

    From Old Japanese, pronunciation is distinct from (/⁠yo1⁠/, night, nighttime).

    Change in meaning of (yo), in the sense of the bamboos and reeds bulging at certain intervals.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    () (yo

    1. world, society
    2. this world, this life
      Synonym: 俗世間 (zoku seken)
    3. (archaic) generation, age, era
    4. lifetime
      Synonym: 一生 (isshō)
    5. lifespan
      Synonym: 寿命 (jumyō)
    6. time of year, season
      Synonyms: 時節 (jisetsu), 時期 (jiki), (ori)
    7. relationship between a man and a woman
    8. period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    せい
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

    Counter[edit]

    (せい) (-sei

    1. generation
      ルパン(さん)(せい)
      Rupan-sansei
      Lupin the Third

    Suffix[edit]

    (せい) (-sei

    1. (geology) epoch

    Proper noun[edit]

    (せい) (Sei

    1. a female given name

    References[edit]

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC syejH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솅〮 (Yale: syéy)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 누리〮 (Yale: nwùlí) 셰〯 (Yale: syěy)
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 인간 (Yale: inkan) (Yale: syey)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰe̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 인간(人間) )

    1. Hanja form? of (world).
    2. Hanja form? of (lineage; generation).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    ゆー
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with mainland Japanese (yo).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (ゆー) (

    1. age, era, period, time; rule
    2. world, society

    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    • ゆー【世】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Việt readings: thế
    : Nôm readings: thế, thá, thé, thể

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]