主

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See also: 王, 玉, 生, and 丰
主 U+4E3B, 主
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3B
← 为
[U+4E3A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丼 →
[U+4E3C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
0 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
0 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

主 (Kangxi radical 3, 丶+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 卜土 (YG), four-corner 00104, composition ⿱丶王 or ⿱亠土)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 163, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 44, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E3B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 主
alternative forms 丶
宔

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 主
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Oracle bone script

j12540

j12541

j12542

j12543

j12544

j12545

j12546

Small seal script

s03652

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (主) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
飳 *tʰoːʔ
妵 *tʰoːʔ
黈 *tʰoːʔ
蘣 *tʰoːʔ
罜 *doːɡ, *tjos
拄 *toʔ
柱 *toʔ, *doʔ
駐 *tos
註 *tos, *tjos
鉒 *tos
軴 *tos
住 *tos, *dos
跓 *doʔ
嵀 *doʔ
主 *tjoʔ
麈 *tjoʔ
宔 *tjoʔ
炷 *tjoʔ, *tjos
注 *tjos
疰 *tjos
蛀 *tjos
霔 *tjos

Pictogram (象形) : A picture of a lamp or a torch with a flame at the top.

Original form of 炷. Current meaning acquired by sound loan.

Etymology[edit]

Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Rime
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 之庾切
Baxter tsyuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕɨoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕioX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕioX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cuə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕioX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zyu2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyuX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*toʔ/
English master; host

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
No. 17618
Phonetic
component 		主
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		主
Old
Chinese 		/*tjoʔ/

Definitions[edit]

主

  1. owner; master
  2. host
  3. (archaic, honorific) you (honorific second-person pronoun addressing a "senior official" [大夫] or his spouse)
  4. (Christianity, Islam) Lord
  5. emperor
  6. (colloquial, derogatory) person of a specified type
  7. agent; agency
    主動／主动  ―  zhǔdòng  ―  active
    主體／主体  ―  zhǔtǐ  ―  subject (one who possesses agency)
  8. party; entity
    事主  ―  shìzhǔ  ―  party (in a dispute, especially the one bringing forth the dispute)
  9. main; primary; principal; major
    主要  ―  zhǔyào  ―  main
    主演  ―  zhǔyǎn  ―  leading actor
    主修  ―  zhǔxiū  ―  major curriculum
  10. to be in charge; to lead; to command
    主事  ―  zhǔshì  ―  to be in charge
  11. to indicate; to signify
  12. (grammar) Short for 主語／主语 (zhǔyǔ).
  13. (historical) Short for 公主 (gōngzhǔ).
  14. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (主):
  • → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
  • → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
  • → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

Others:

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

主

  1. Classifier for events.
  2. Alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour into”)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 主
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
主󠄁
主+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
主󠄃
主+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

主

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. lord, master
  2. main, principal

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
しゅ
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

主(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. head of the family
  2. master, mistress
  3. one's husband
  4. proprietor, landlord
Synonyms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

主(しゅ) • (Shu) 

  1. the Lord
    主(しゅ)の兄(きょう)弟(だい)ヤコブ
    Shu no kyōdai Yakobu
    James, brother of the Lord

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
ぬし
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【ぬし】
[noun] 主: master
[noun] 主: owner, proprietor
[noun] 主: guardian spirit
[noun] 主: (archaic) you
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
おも
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【おも】
[adjective] chief, main, principal, foremost
Alternative spelling
重
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
あるじ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【あるじ】
[noun] head of a household
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References[edit]

  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “主”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 62 (paper), page 81 (digital)
  3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 56 (paper), page 40 (digital)
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX). Recorded as Middle Korean 쥬〮 (cyú) (Yale: cyu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

主 (eumhun 임금 주 (imgeum ju))
主 (eumhun 주인 주 (ju'in ju))

  1. Hanja form? of 주 (“king”).
  2. Hanja form? of 주 (“master; host; main”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • Naver Hanja Dictionary: 主
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

主: Hán Việt readings: chủ, chúa
主: Nôm readings: chúa, chủ

  1. chữ Hán form of chủ (“owner”).
  2. Nôm form of chúa (“retired father of a king”).
  3. Nôm form of Chúa (“God; Christ; Lord”).

Usage notes[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

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