予

See also: 豫, 矛, and 𠄔

予	U+4E88, 予 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E88

← 亇
[U+4E87]

CJK Unified Ideographs

争 →
[U+4E89]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

予 (Kangxi radical 6, 亅+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈弓弓 (NINN), four-corner 1720₂, composition ⿱龴𠄐)

Shuowen Jiezi radical №127

Derived characters[edit]

伃, 𠰄, 㘧, 妤, 㜿, 𢎻, 𭛞, 忬, 抒, 汿, 𤝉, 䦽, 杼, 沀, 㶦, 𤤂, 𨑦, 㐨, 𤰩, 𥄛, 䂛, 𥝱, 紓(纾), 𦍗, 𧠐, 𧦃, 𧺥, 𨋋, 野, 𨱢, 𨥤, 舒, 魣(𮬛), 𪐧, 𮓪, 𭌗, 𪜝, 預(预), 𣖦, 𩿎, 豫, 㮊, 序, 芧, 𤵈, 𥩧, 𬯺, 𣏗, 𡍳, 㙒, 𡆹

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 予

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Small seal script

**Oracle bone script**
j10319

**Small seal script**
s02873

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L34283	L34284	L14210	L14211	L14212	L14213	L14214	L14215
L14216	L14217	L14218	L14219	L14220

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (予) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
野	laːʔ, ɦljaʔ
壄	*laːʔ
序	*ljaʔ
抒	ljaʔ, hlja, *ɦljaʔ
芧	*l'aʔ
杼	l'aʔ, ɦljaʔ
墅	*ɦljaːʔ
舒	*hlja
紓	hlja, ɦljaʔ
妤	*la
伃	*la
予	la, laʔ
預	*las
忬	*las
豫	*las
蕷	*las
澦	*las

Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事) . Originally 吕 (OC *ɡ·raʔ) borrowed for sound, later 亅 was added as a distinguishing mark.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.		予

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la (“to pay; to give for”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǔ (yu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄩˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yì
Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ú / ír / í

(Teochew, Peng'im): e²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄩˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǔ
  - Wade–Giles: yü³
  - Yale: yǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeu
  - Palladius: юй (juj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jyu⁵
  - Yale: yúh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: yu⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː¹³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ú
  - Tâi-lô: ú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /u⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ír
  - Tâi-lô: ír
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
  - Tâi-lô: í
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ie
  - IPA (Jinjiang): /i⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³/

Note: literary reading.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: e²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ṳ́
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɯ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: yoX

Rime
Character	予
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	余吕切
Baxter	yoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨʌ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɔ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/iɔ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨə̆^X/
Li Rong	/iɔ^X/
Wang Li	/jĭo^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯wo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*laʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*laʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	予
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ yo^X ›
Old Chinese	/*laʔ/
English	give; together with
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	予
Reading #	2/2
No.	15739
Phonetic component	予
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*laʔ/

Definitions[edit]

予

(alt. form 與／与) to give
to praise; to esteem

Compounds[edit]

不予置評／不予置评 (bùyǔzhìpíng)
予人口實／予人口实
予以 (yǔyǐ)
予假 (yǔjià)
予告
予市 (Yǔshì)
准予 (zhǔnyǔ)
寄予 (jìyǔ)
授予 (shòuyǔ)
施予
生殺予奪／生杀予夺 (shēngshāyǔduó)
給予／给予
賦予／赋予 (fùyǔ)
賜予／赐予 (cìyǔ)
贈予／赠予 (zèngyǔ)
閔予小子／闵予小子

Etymology 2[edit]

simp. and trad.		予
alternative forms		互乎與／与護／护付互乎與／与護／护付給／给呼後／后候𢗝厚被 “by” 讓／让 “to allow; to cause” 使 “to cause” 俾 “to cause” 度 Quanzhou

與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.

Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.

Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:

Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
/tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).

Sagart (2017c) considers 與／与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).

Pronunciation[edit]

Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hō͘ / thō͘ / hǒ͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): hou⁷

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen, Singapore): /hɔ²²/
  - IPA (Changtai): /heu²²/
  - IPA (Philippines): /hɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /hɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thō͘
  - Tâi-lô: thōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: to
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /tʰɔ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: hǒo
  - IPA (Lukang): /hɔ³³/

Note: vernacular reading.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hou⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hōu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hou¹¹/

Definitions[edit]

予

(Hokkien) to give
伊予我五箍。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
I hō͘ góa gō͘ kho͘. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
He gave me five dollars.
(Teochew) to deliver; to give
(Hokkien) to allow
予伊去！ [Hokkien] ― Hō͘ i khì! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Let it go!
(Hokkien) to cause; to make
(Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive)
伊予人拍。 [Hokkien] ― I hō͘ lâng phah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― He was beaten up (by someone).
(Penang Hokkien) to pay

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“to give”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		予, 畀
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		給
Mandarin	Beijing	給
	Taiwan	給
	Tianjin	給
	Jinan	給
	Xi'an	給
	Wuhan	把, 把得, 給
	Chengdu	給
	Guilin	給
	Yangzhou	把, 給
	Hefei	給
	Malaysia	給
	Singapore	給
Cantonese	Guangzhou	畀
	Hong Kong	畀
	Macau	畀
	Taishan	畀
	Dongguan	畀
	Yangjiang	畀
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	畀
	Penang (Guangfu)	畀
	Singapore (Guangfu)	畀
Gan	Nanchang	把
Hakka	Meixian	分
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	分
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	分
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	分
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	分
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	分
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	得
	Kuching (Hepo)	分
Jin	Taiyuan	給
Northern Min	Jian'ou	吶
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	乞
Southern Min	Xiamen	予
	Quanzhou	予, 傳
	Zhangzhou	予
	Zhao'an	予
	Taipei	予
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	予
	Kaohsiung	予
	Yilan	予
	Changhua (Lukang)	予
	Taichung	予
	Taichung (Wuqi)	予
	Tainan	予
	Taitung	予
	Hsinchu	予
	Kinmen	予
	Penghu (Magong)	予
	Penang (Hokkien)	予
	Singapore (Hokkien)	予
	Manila (Hokkien)	予
	Chaozhou	分, 乞
	Shantou	分, 乞
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	乞
	Jieyang	分, 乞
	Haifeng	分, 予
	Singapore (Teochew)	乞
	Pontianak (Teochew)	分, 乞
	Leizhou	乞
	Wenchang	分
	Haikou	要
Wu	Shanghai	撥, 撥辣
	Suzhou	撥
	Ningbo	撥
	Wenzhou	匄
Xiang	Changsha	把

Dialectal synonyms of 被 (“by”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		被
Mandarin	Beijing	讓, 叫, 給
	Taiwan	讓, 叫, 給
	Jinan	叫, 讓
	Xi'an	叫
	Wuhan	把得
	Chengdu	遭, 叫
	Yangzhou	給, 把
	Hefei	給, 叫
	Malaysia	被, 給
	Singapore	被, 讓, 給
Cantonese	Guangzhou	畀
	Hong Kong	畀
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	畀
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	畀
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	畀
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	畀
	Macau	畀
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	畀
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	畀
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	畀
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	畀
	Foshan	畀
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	畀
	Foshan (Shunde)	畀
	Foshan (Sanshui)	畀
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	畀
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	畀
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	畀
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	畀
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	畀
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	畀
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	畀
	Taishan	畀
	Kaiping (Chikan)	畀
	Enping (Niujiang)	畀
	Heshan (Yayao)	畀
	Dongguan	畀
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	畀
	Shaoguan	畀
	Yunfu	畀
	Yangjiang	畀
	Xinyi	畀
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	畀
	Singapore (Guangfu)	畀
Gan	Nanchang	讓, 等
Hakka	Meixian	分
	Xingning	分
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	畀
	Huiyang	分
	Huidong (Daling)	分
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	分
	Boluo (Bendihua)	畀
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	分
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	畀
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	分
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	把
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	畀
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	把
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	分
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	分
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	分
	Liannan	分
	Conghua (Lütian)	分
	Jiexi	分
	Changting	得
	Wuping	得
	Wuping (Pingyu)	得
	Liancheng	給
	Ninghua	分
	Ruijin	得
	Shicheng	得
	Shangyou (Shexi)	討
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	分
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	分
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	分
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	分
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	分
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	得
	Hong Kong	分
	Senai (Huiyang)	分
	Kuching (Hepo)	分
Jin	Taiyuan	叫, 給
Northern Min	Jian'ou	吶
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	乞
Southern Min	Xiamen	予, 乞
	Quanzhou	予, 乞, 傳
	Zhangzhou	予, 乞
	Taipei	予
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	予
	Kaohsiung	予
	Yilan	予
	Changhua (Lukang)	予
	Taichung	予
	Tainan	予
	Hsinchu	予
	Kinmen	予
	Penghu (Magong)	予
	Singapore (Hokkien)	予
	Manila (Hokkien)	予
	Chaozhou	分, 乞
	Shantou	分, 乞, 予
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	乞
	Jieyang	分
	Leizhou	乞
	Haikou	要
Wu	Shanghai	撥, 撥辣
	Suzhou	撥, 撥勒
	Ningbo	撥, 撥人家
	Wenzhou	匄
Xiang	Changsha	聽, 撈, 讓, 被
Xiang	Shuangfeng	耗

Dialectal synonyms of 付 (“to pay”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		付
Mandarin	Taiwan	付
	Guilin	付
	Yangzhou	付
	Malaysia	還, 付
	Singapore	還, 付
Cantonese	Guangzhou	畀
	Hong Kong	畀
	Singapore (Guangfu)	畀
Gan	Nanchang	付
Hakka	Kuching (Hepo)	還
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	付
Southern Min	Tainan	付
	Penang (Hokkien)	予
	Singapore (Hokkien)	還
	Manila (Hokkien)	把拉, 還 obsolete
Wu	Shanghai	付

Derived terms[edit]

hőng (Min Nan)
樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱／树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台 (chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai) (Min Nan)

Etymology 3[edit]

simp. and trad.		予

Traditionally considered a variant of 余 (OC *la), however Shijing and Chuci rhymes suggests that the expected tone reflex was rising tone, similar to Pronunciation 1 (Mattos, 1971; Pulleyblank, 1995), which corresponds to a glottal stop coda in Old Chinese. It could thus be reanalyzed an emphatic form of the *l- series of first-person pronouns, similar to 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “me, us”) compared to 吾 (OC *ŋaː, “I, we”) in the *ŋ- series.

Cognate with 余 (OC *la), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”), 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ). Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007). Li F. (1976) reconstructs Old Chinese *rag, and compares it to Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“first person plural pronoun”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”). However, Schuessler considers this etymon belonging to 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs, “both”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yú (yu²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): û / îr / î

(Teochew, Peng'im): e⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yú
  - Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yú
  - Wade–Giles: yü²
  - Yale: yú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
  - Palladius: юй (juj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jyu⁴
  - Yale: yùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
  - Tâi-lô: û
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /u²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: îr
  - Tâi-lô: îr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɯ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
  - Tâi-lô: î
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ii
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: e⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ṳ̂
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɯ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: yo

Rime
Character	予
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以諸切
Baxter	yo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/iɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨə̆/
Li Rong	/iɔ/
Wang Li	/jĭo/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*laʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*la/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	予
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yú
Middle Chinese	‹ yo ›
Old Chinese	/*laʔ/
English	I, we
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	予
Reading #	1/2
No.	15738
Phonetic component	予
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	余
Old Chinese	/*la/

Definitions[edit]

予

(obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I, me”)
- 予畏上帝，不敢不正。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Yú wèi shàngdì, bù gǎn bù zhèng. [Pinyin]
  As I fear the Heaven, I dare not but punish him.
- 夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厭之！天厭之！」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Fūzǐ shǐ zhī yuē: “Yú suǒ pǐ zhě, tiān yàn zhī! Tiān yàn zhī!” [Pinyin]
  On which the Master swore, saying, "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! May Heaven reject me!"
a surname

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 我 (“I”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		吾, 我, 余, 予, 台, 朕 for emperors, 臣, 愚 humble
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		我, 本人 humble, 在下 humble
Mandarin	Beijing	我
	Taiwan	我
	Tianjin	我
	Langfang	我
	Chengde	我
	Tangshan	我
	Cangzhou	我, 俺
	Baoding	我
	Shijiazhuang	我, 俺
	Ulanhot	我
	Tongliao	我
	Chifeng	我, 咱
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	我
	Heihe	我, 俺
	Qiqihar	我, 俺
	Harbin	我, 俺
	Jiamusi	我, 俺, 咱
	Baicheng	我
	Changchun	我
	Tonghua	我, 咱
	Shenyang	我
	Dandong	我, 俺
	Jinzhou	我
	Dalian	我
	Yantai	我, 俺
	Yantai (Muping)	我, 俺
	Qingdao	我, 俺
	Lijin	我, 俺
	Weifang (Weicheng)	我, 俺
	Weifang (Fangzi)	我, 俺
	Weifang (Hanting)	我, 俺
	Changyi	我, 俺
	Gaomi	我, 俺
	Zhucheng	我, 俺
	Anqiu	我, 俺
	Changle	我, 俺
	Linqu	我, 俺
	Qingzhou	俺
	Shouguang	我, 俺
	Rizhao	我, 俺
	Wulian	我, 俺
	Jinan	我, 俺
	Jining	我, 俺
	Luoyang	我, 俺
	Wanrong	我, 俺
	Shangqiu	我, 俺
	Yuanyang	我, 俺
	Zhengzhou	我, 俺
	Kaifeng	我, 俺
	Lingbao	我
	Xinyang	我
	Ankang	我
	Baihe	我
	Ziyang	我
	Hanzhong	我
	Xi'an	我, 俺 †
	Baoji	我
	Yinchuan	我
	Tongxin	我
	Zhongwei	我
	Guyuan	我
	Tianshui	我
	Lanzhou	我
	Dunhuang	我
Xining	我
Hami	我
Ürümqi	我
Yanqi	我
Wuhan	我
Huanggang	我
Yichang	我
Xiangyang	我
Tianmen	我
Hong'an	我
Chengdu	我
Chengdu (Xindu)	我
Nanchong	我
Nanbu	我
Dazhou	我
Hanyuan	我
Xichang	我
Zigong	我
Chongqing	我
Lhasa	我
Guiyang	我
Zunyi	我
Bijie	我
Liping	我
Zhaotong	我
Dali	我
Kunming	我
Mengzi	我
Guilin	我
Guilin (Lingui)	我
Guanyang	我
Lipu	我
Pingle	我
Yangshuo	我
Liuzhou	我
Nanning (Xiakuojie)	我
Nanning (Fujian)	我
Nanning (Wuming)	我
Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming)	我
Binyang (Nanjie)	我
Shanglin (Sanli)	我
Yizhou	我
Qinzhou (Longmengang)	我
Jishou	我
Changde	我, 頑, 俺
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	我
Anqing	我
Xuzhou	我, 俺, 咱
Xuzhou (Jiawang)	俺, 我
Pizhou	俺, 我
Suining	我
Xinyi	我, 俺
Fengxian	我, 俺
Suqian	俺
Ganyu	我, 俺
Fuyang	我, 俺
Wuhu	我
Yangzhou	我
Jiangdu	我
Baoying	我
Gaoyou	我
Yizheng	我
Lianyungang	我, 俺
Donghai	我, 俺
Guanyun	我
Guannan	我, 呣
Huai'an (Huaiyin)	我
Huai'an (Hongze)	我
Lianshui	我
Xuyi	我
Jinhu	我
Xinghua	我
Nanjing	我
Hefei	我
Bengbu	我, 俺
Chuzhou	我
Nantong	我
Rugao	我
Rudong	我
Hai'an	我
Yancheng	我
Dongtai	我
Sheyang	我
Funing	我
Jianhu	我
Xiangshui	我
Shuyang	我
Sihong	我, 俺
Taizhou	我
Taixing	我
Jiangyan	我
Jingjiang (Dongxing)	我
Zhenjiang	我
Jurong	我
Malaysia	我
Singapore	我
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	我
Dagudi (Maliba)	我
Reshuitang (Longling)	我
Mae Salong (Lancang)	我
Mae Sai (Tengchong)	我
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	我
Cantonese	Guangzhou	我
	Hong Kong	我
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	我
	Macau	我
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	我
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	我
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	我
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	我
	Foshan	我
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	我
	Foshan (Shunde)	我
	Foshan (Sanshui)	我
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	我
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	我
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	我
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	我
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	我
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng)	我
	Zhongshan (Tanbei)	我
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	我
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	我
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	我
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	我
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	我
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	我
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	我
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	我
	Zhongshan (Langwang)	我
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	我
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	我
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	我
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	我
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	我
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	我
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	我
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	𠊎
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	我
	Taishan	我
	Kaiping (Chikan)	我
	Enping (Niujiang)	我
	Heshan (Yayao)	我
	Dongguan	我
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	我
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	我
	Qingyuan	我
	Fogang	我
	Yingde (Hanguang)	我
	Yangshan	我
	Lianshan (Butian)	我
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	我
	Shaoguan	我
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	我
	Renhua	我
	Lechang	我
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	我
	Sihui	我
	Guangning	我
	Deqing	我
	Huaiji	我
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	儂
	Yunfu	我, 儂
	Xinxing	我
	Luoding	我
	Yunan (Pingtai)	我
Yangjiang	我
Xinyi	我
Maoming (Xinpo)	我
Lianjiang	我
Wuchuan (Wuyang)	我
Nanning	我
Wuzhou	我
Yulin	我
Hepu (Lianzhou)	我
Hepu (Shatian)	我
Guiping	我
Mengshan (Xihe)	我
Guigang (Nanjiang)	我
Beiliu	我
Baise	我
Bobai	我
Lingshan	我
Pubei	我
Qinzhou	我
Beihai	我
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	我
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	我
Ningming	我
Hengzhou	我
Hezhou (Pumen)	儂
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	我
Danzhou	我
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	我
Penang (Guangfu)	我
Singapore (Guangfu)	我
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	我
Móng Cái	我
Gan	Nanchang	我
	Nanchang (Wangcheng)	我
	Anyi	我仂
	Lushan	我
	Pengze	我
	Duchang	我, 我濃
	Wuning (Quankou)	我
	Poyang	我
	Yugan	阿, 我郎
	Wannian	阿
	Hengfeng	阿, 阿仂
	Yanshan	阿, 阿仂
	Leping	阿
	Yichun	我
	Yifeng	阿
	Gao'an	我
	Fengxin	我
	Shanggao	我
	Wanzai	我
	Fengcheng	我
	Xinyu	阿, 我
	Fuzhou (Shangdundu)	我
	Fuzhou (Dongxiang)	阿仂
	Nancheng	阿
	Nanfeng	阿仂, 阿
	Yihuang	我
	Lichuan	我, 阿
	Chongren	我
	Pingxiang	巷
	Lianhua	我
	Ji'an	阿, 我
	Yongfeng	我
	Taihe	我
	Xiajiang	我
	Yongxin	我
	Yingtan (Yujiang)	阿
	Guixi	阿, 阿仂
	Jianning	我
	Jinxian	我
	Jinxi	阿
	Le'an	我
	Guangchang	阿
	Anfu	我
	Suichuan	𠊎
	Wan'an	𠊎
	Jing'an	我
	Zhangshu	我
	Xingan	我
	Fenyi	我
Hakka	Meixian	𠊎
	Xingning	𠊎
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	我
	Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua)	我
	Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua)	我
	Huiyang	𠊎
	Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua)	我
	Huidong (Daling)	𠊎
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	𠊎
	Longmen (Pingling Bendihua)	我
	Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)	我
	Boluo (Bendihua)	我
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	𠊎
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	𠊎
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	𠊎
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	𠊎
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	𠊎
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	𠊎
	Wuhua (Changbu)	𠊎
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	𠊎
	Wuhua (Meilin)	𠊎
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	我
	Zijin	我
	Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua)	我
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	我
	Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua)	我
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	我
	Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua)	我
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	我
	Wengyuan	𠊎
	Nanxiong (Zhuji)	𠊎
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	𠊎
	Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua)	我
	Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua)	我
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	𠊎
	Liannan	𠊎
	Conghua (Lütian)	𠊎
	Jiexi	𠊎
	Luhe	𠊎
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	𠊎
	Changting	𠊎
	Shanghang	𠊎
	Yongding	𠊎
	Wuping	𠊎
	Wuping (Yanqian)	𠊎
	Wuping (Pingyu)	𠊎
	Liancheng	𠊎
	Ninghua	𠊎
	Qingliu	𠊎
	Yudu	𠊎
	Ningdu	𠊎
	Ruijin	𠊎
	Shicheng	𠊎
	Shangyou (Shexi)	𠊎
	Tonggu (Sandu)	𠊎
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	𠊎
	Dayu	𠊎
	Dingnan	𠊎
	Longnan	𠊎
	Xunwu	𠊎
	Huichang	𠊎
	Nankang	𠊎
	Chongyi	𠊎
	Xingguo	𠊎
Miaoli (N. Sixian)	𠊎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	𠊎
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	𠊎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	𠊎
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	𠊎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	𠊎
Hong Kong	𠊎
Yangxi (Tangkou)	𠊎
Yangchun (Sanjia)	𠊎
Xinyi (Sihe)	𠊎
Xinyi (Qianpai)	𠊎
Gaozhou (Xindong)	𠊎
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	𠊎
Huazhou (Xin'an)	𠊎
Lianjiang (Shijiao)	𠊎
Lianjiang (Qingping)	𠊎
Mengshan (Xihe)	𠊎
Luchuan	𠊎
Luchuan (Daqiao)	𠊎
Bobai (Shahe)	𠊎
Bobai (Longtan)	𠊎
Bobai (Lingping)	𠊎
Bobai (Lingjiao)	𠊎
Beiliu (Tang'an)	𠊎
Mashan (Pianlian)	我
Sabah (Longchuan)	𠊎, 我
Senai (Huiyang)	𠊎
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	𠊎
Singkawang	𠊎
Singapore (Dabu)	𠊎
Bangkok (Meixian)	𠊎
Huizhou	Jixi	我
	Shexian	我, 阿
	Wuyuan	我
	Fuliang	我
	Dexing	我
	Chun'an (Qiandaohu)	我
	Jiande (Meicheng)	黨, 卬
	Jiande (Shouchang)	我, 我儂
Jin	Taiyuan	我, 俺 †, used only by females
	Yangyuan	我, 俺
	Datong	我
	Xinzhou	我, 俺
	Lishi	我, 俺
	Linfen	我
	Changzhi	我
	Linhe	我
	Jining	我, 俺
	Hohhot	我, 俺
	Erenhot	我, 俺
	Pingshan	我, 俺
	Zhangjiakou	我
	Handan	我, 俺
	Linzhou	我, 俺
	Suide	我
Northern Min	Jian'ou	我, 俺
	Songxi	我
	Zhenghe	我
	Jianyang	我
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	我, 奴
	Changle	我
	Lianjiang	我
	Fuqing	我
	Pingtan	我
	Yongtai	我
	Minqing	我
	Gutian	我
	Pingnan	我
	Luoyuan	我
	Fu'an	我
	Ningde	我
	Xiapu	我
	Zherong	我
	Shouning	我
	Zhouning	我
	Fuding	我
	Taishun	我
	Cangnan	我
	Singapore (Fuqing)	我
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	我
Southern Min	Xiamen	我, 阮, 遮人, 遮的人
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	我
	Quanzhou	我, 阮
	Jinjiang	我
	Nan'an	我
	Shishi	我
	Hui'an	我
	Anxi	我
	Yongchun	我
	Dehua	我
	Zhangzhou	我, 阮, 遮人, 遮的人
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	我
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	我
	Hua'an	我
	Nanjing	我
	Pinghe	我
	Zhangpu	我
	Yunxiao	我
	Zhao'an	我
	Dongshan	我
	Taipei	我, 阮 GT
	Taipei (Wanhua)	我
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	我
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	我
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	我
	Kaohsiung	我
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	我
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	我
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	我
	Yilan	我
	Changhua (Lukang)	我
	Taichung	我
	Taichung (Wuqi)	我
	Tainan	我
	Taitung	我
	Hsinchu	我
	Kinmen	我
	Penghu (Magong)	我
	Penang (Hokkien)	我
	Singapore (Hokkien)	我
	Manila (Hokkien)	我
	Longyan	我
	Zhangping	我
	Datian	我
	Shunchang (Pushang)	我
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	我
	Guilin (Biyange)	我
	Cangnan	我
	Chaozhou	我
	Shantou	我
	Shantou (Chenghai)	我
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	我
	Jieyang	我
	Haifeng	我
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	我
	Singapore (Teochew)	我
	Batam (Teochew)	我
	Pontianak (Teochew)	我
	Wenchang	我, 儂 polite/humble
	Haikou	我
	Singapore (Hainanese)	我, 儂 polite/humble
Puxian Min	Putian	我
Puxian Min	Xianyou	我
Central Min	Yong'an	我
	Shaxian	我
	Yanping (Wangtai)	我
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	伉
	Guangze	伉
	Jiangle	我
	Mingxi	我
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	我
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	我
Shehua	Jingning	我
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	我
Wu	Shanghai	我, 阿拉
	Shanghai (Chongming)	我
	Shanghai (Jiading)	唔, 唔儂
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	我儂
	Suzhou	我, 奴
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	吾, 吾奴
	Wuxi	我
	Changshu	我
	Haimen	我
	Jiaxing	我奴
	Jiashan	我奴, 我
	Pinghu	我奴, 我
	Haining (Yanguan)	我
	Tongxiang	我
	Haiyan	我, 活儂, 活奴
	Changzhou	我
	Danyang	我
	Gaochun	我
	Huzhou	是我
	Changxing	我, 是我
	Anji (Ancheng)	我
	Deqing	我
	Hangzhou	我
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	我, 是我
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	我, 是我, 什我
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	我, 是我
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	我
	Tonglu	我, 是我
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	我
	Shaoxing	我
	Zhuji	我
	Shengzhou	我
	Xinchang	我
	Ningbo	我, 我儂, 像我
	Zhenhai	我
	Fenghua	我
	Yuyao	我
	Cixi	我
	Xiangshan	我, 像我
	Zhoushan	伢
	Huangyan	我
	Tiantai	我
	Xianju	我
	Sanmen	我
	Linhai	我
	Wenling	我俚
	Wenzhou	我
	Yueqing	我
	Yongjia (Fenglin)	我
	Rui'an	我
	Pingyang	我
	Taishun	我
	Wencheng	我
	Lishui	我
	Qingtian	我
	Jinyun	我, 動我
	Wuyi (Liucheng)	我
	Songyang (Xiping)	我
	Yunhe	我
	Jingning	我
	Qingyuan	我
	Longquan	我
	Quzhou	我
	Suichang	我, 我儂
Jiangshan	我
Changshan	我
Kaihua	我, 我儂
Longyou	我, 我儂
Jinhua	我, 我儂
Jinhua (Tangxi)	我, 我儂
Yiwu	我
Yongkang	我
Pujiang	我
Dongyang	我
Wuyi	我, 我儂
Lanxi	我, 我儂
Shangrao	阿儂
Shangrao (Guangfeng)	阿
Yushan	阿, 儂
Xiang	Changsha	我
	Loudi	我
	Shuangfeng	我, 卬
	Quanzhou	我
Note	† - as an attributive, used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds[edit]

予一人 (yúyīrén)
予取予求 (yúqǔyúqiú)
予小子
人莫予毒 (rénmòyúdú)
莫予毒也 (mòyúdúyě)

Etymology 4[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 豫 (“relaxed; comfortable; at ease; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of 豫).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 5[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 預 (“beforehand, in advance; to take part in; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 預).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai	予
Kyūjitai	豫

Kanji[edit]

予

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 豫)

beforehand, in advance

Readings[edit]

Go-on: よ (yo, Jōyō); しょ (sho)^{←しよ (syo, historical)}; じょ (jo)^{←ぢよ (dyo, historical)}
Kan-on: よ (yo, Jōyō); しょ (sho)^{←しよ (syo, historical)}; ちょ (cho)^{←ちよ (tyo, historical)}
Kun: あらかじめ (arakajime, 予め); かねて (kanete, 予て)

Compounds[edit]

予(よ)報(ほう) (yohō)
予(よ)約(やく) (yoyaku, “reservation, appointment”)
予(よ)定(てい) (yotei, “schedule”)
予(よ)感(かん) (yokan)

Kanji[edit]

予

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

I; me
to give

Readings[edit]

On (unclassified): よ (yo, Jōyō)
Kun: われ (ware, 予); あたえる (ataeru, 予える)^{←あたへる (ataferu, 予へる, historical)}; ゆるす (yurusu, 予す)^[1]

Compounds[edit]

予(よ)輩(はい) (yohai)

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
予
よ Grade: 3
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
余

From Middle Chinese 予 (MC yo).

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) よ [yóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
IPA^(key): [jo̞]

Pronoun[edit]

予(よ) • (yo)

first-person personal pronoun; I, me
- 1802-1814: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (volume 1)
  予此街道に毫をはせて膝栗毛の書を著す。
  I, on this highway, in a little while, "Hizakurige"'s lyrics I'll write

References[edit]

^ “予”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎^[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Asō, Isoji (1958) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 62: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

予 (eum 여 (yeo))

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Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

予: Hán Nôm readings: nhừ, dư

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

Nom Foundation

[1] “予”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎^[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

予

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