免

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See also: 兔
免 U+514D, 免
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-514D
← 兌
[U+514C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兎 →
[U+514E]

免 U+FA32, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA32
← 僧
[U+FA31] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勉 →
[U+FA33]

免 U+2F80E, 免
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E
← 𠘺
[U+2F80D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 兔 →
[U+2F80F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
0 strokes
Japanese 免
Simplified 免
Traditional 免

Alternative forms[edit]

A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.

There is another variant, in which the left-handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.

Han character[edit]

免 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 27416, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 124, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 270, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+514D

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 免

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 免
Shang Western Zhou Warring States
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script
Bronze inscriptions

b12515

b12516

b12517

b12518

b12519

b12520

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34720

L34721

L34722

L34723

L34724

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
免 *mronʔ
娩 *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉 *mronʔ
俛 *mronʔ
鮸 *mronʔ
冕 *mronʔ
絻 *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏 *m̥ʰos
浼 *muːlʔ
鞔 *moːn
悗 *moːn
嬎 *m̥ʰons
晚 *monʔ
挽 *monʔ
輓 *monʔ, *mons
脕 *monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬 *muns

Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • miang2/miêng2 - literary (including “there is no need”, miêng2 - Chaozhou);
  • ming2/mêng2 - vernacular (mêng2 - Jieyang).
Rime
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 仙 (79)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 亡辨切
Baxter mjenX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mˠiᴇnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mᵚiɛnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/miænX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mianX/
Li
Rong 		/mjɛnX/
Wang
Li 		/mĭɛnX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mi̯ɛnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		miǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		min5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		miǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mjenX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mr[o][r]ʔ/
English avoid

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 免
Reading # 1/1
No. 9065
Phonetic
component 		免
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		免
Old
Chinese 		/*mronʔ/

Definitions[edit]

免

  1. to take off; to remove from the body
  2. to avoid; to escape; to evade
  3. to release; to set free
  4. to excuse from; to exempt
  5. to discharge; to waive; to forgive
  6. to remove; to dismiss (from office)
  7. to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
  8. (Southern Min) it is not necessary; there is no need
  9. (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to remove):
  • (to evade): 避開／避开 (bìkāi)
  • (it is not necessary):
Dialectal synonyms of 不用 (“need not”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 不必, 無須, 毋庸
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待
Mandarin Beijing 甭, 不用, 甭用
Taiwan 不用
Shenyang 甭
Jinan 甭
Xi'an 不用
Wuhan 不消, 用不著
Chengdu 不消
Kunming 不用
Yangzhou 用不著
Hefei 不用
Malaysia 不用
Singapore 不用, 不必
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔使
Hong Kong 唔使
Macau 唔使
Taishan 唔使, 冇使
Dongguan 唔使
Yangjiang 無使, 使乜
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇使
Hepu (Shatian) 冇使
Beihai 冇使
Beihai (Nankang) 冇使
Beihai (Yingpan) 冇使
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇使
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇使
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇使
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔使
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔使
Gan Nanchang 不消, 用不著
Hakka Meixian 唔使
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔使
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔使
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔使
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔使
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔使
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔使
Kuching (Hepo) 唔使
Jin Taiyuan 不用
Northern Min Jian'ou 伓讓
Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓使
Matsu 伓使
Singapore (Fuqing) 伓使
Southern Min Xiamen 毋免, 免, 毋使
Quanzhou 毋免, 免
Zhangzhou 毋免, 免, 毋使
Taipei 毋免, 免
Kaohsiung 毋免, 免
Penang (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Singapore (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Manila (Hokkien) 毋免, 免
Chaozhou 免, 免用
Shantou 免, 免用
Shantou (Chenghai) 免
Shantou (Chaoyang) 免
Jieyang 免, 免用
Singapore (Teochew) 免
Pontianak (Teochew) 免
Wenchang 無用
Singapore (Hainanese) 無用
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 唔使
Wu Shanghai 勿要, 覅, 用勿著, 勿用, 好勿要, 好覅
Suzhou 用勿著
Ningbo 甮, 好甮
Wenzhou 覅用, 否用
Xiang Changsha 不消
Shuangfeng 不消, 不要

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

免

  1. (historical) Alternative form of 絻／𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”)
  2. bud

Compounds[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 免
Kyūjitai
[1]
免
&#xFA32;
or
免+&#xFE00;?
免󠄁
免+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
免󠄄
免+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

免

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. to avoid, to escape
  2. to release, to set free, to discharge
  3. to exempt
  4. to forgive
  5. to dismiss, to discharge
    Antonyms : 任

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

免(めん) • (men) 

  1. dismissal, being made to quit

References[edit]

  1. ^ “免”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun))

  1. Hanja form? of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”).

免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))

  1. Hanja form? of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

免: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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