共

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共 U+5171, 共
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171
← 兰
[U+5170] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兲 →
[U+5172]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character[edit]

共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 44801, composition ⿱龷八)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
  • Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5171

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 共
alternative forms 𦱹
𠔏
𩇿

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 共
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions

b03459

b03460

b03461

b03462

b03463

b03464

b03465

b03466

b03467

b03468

b03469

b03470

b03471

Small seal script

s01989

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35581

L35582

L19017

L19018

L19019

L19020

L19021

L19022

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (共) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
港 *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs
巷 *ɡroːŋs
衖 *ɡroːŋs
鬨 *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs
烘 *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs
洪 *ɡloːŋ
鉷 *ɡloːŋ
谼 *ɡloːŋ
葓 *ɡoːŋ
哄 *ɡloːŋs
蕻 *ɡloːŋs
恭 *kloŋ
供 *kloŋ, *kloŋs
龔 *kloŋ
珙 *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ
共 *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs
髸 *kloŋ
拱 *kloŋʔ
拲 *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ
蛬 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
栱 *kloŋʔ
輁 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
舼 *ɡloŋ
輂 *kloɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.

Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).

Etymology 1[edit]

Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).

The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • qiung5 - vernacular;
  • kung5 - literary.
Note:
  • kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as 甲);
  • kiōng - literary.
Note:
  • gong5 - vernacular;
  • gong4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 共
    Mandarin Beijing /kuŋ⁵¹/
    Harbin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Tianjin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Jinan /kuŋ²¹/
    Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /kuŋ³¹²/
    Xi'an /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Xining /kuə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /kuŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /kũn¹³/
    Ürümqi /kuŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /koŋ³⁵/
    Chengdu /koŋ¹³/
    Guiyang /koŋ²¹³/
    Kunming /koŋ¹/
    Nanjing /koŋ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /kəŋ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /kuŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /kũŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /goŋ²³/
    Suzhou /goŋ³¹/
    Hangzhou /goŋ¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑyɔ²²/
    Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃²²/
    Tunxi /kan⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /koŋ⁵⁵/
    /koŋ¹¹/
    Xiangtan /gən²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ～雙筷子
    /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ⁵³/
    Taoyuan /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /koŋ²²/
    Nanning /kuŋ²²/
    Hong Kong /kuŋ²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiɔŋ²²/
    /iŋ²²/
    /kaŋ²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /koŋ³³/
    /kaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 共
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 渠用切
    Baxter gjowngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨoŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡioŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡioŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/guawŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡioŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭwoŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯woŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 共
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjowngH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
    English together, all

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4182
    Phonetic
    component         		共
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		共
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡloŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    共

    1. common
      共識／共识  ―  gòngshí  ―  common understanding; consensus
    2. together
      共進晚餐／共进晚餐  ―  gòng jìn wǎncān  ―  to have dinner together
      • 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:
        興起！地上大小邦，響應諸天共頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
        兴起！地上大小邦，响应诸天共颂扬 [MSC, simp.]
        Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]
        Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
        Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]
    3. to share
    4. altogether
      我前後共買了五雙鞋。 [MSC, trad.]
      我前后共买了五双鞋。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]
      From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.
    5. Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
      反共  ―  fǎngòng  ―  anti-communist
      1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China
        國共／国共  ―  guógòng  ―  Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
    6. (literary or dialectal) and
    7. (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to
      我共你講。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      我共你讲。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      I tell you.
    8. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
      共我開門。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      共我开门。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Open the door for me.
    9. (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
      你共我會記咧！ [Hokkien, trad.]
      你共我会记咧！ [Hokkien, simp.]
      Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Remember this!
    10. (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
      共伊放袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
      共伊放袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]
      kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Forget about him.
    11. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
      共款 [Hokkien]  ―  kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  the same
      無共／无共 [Hokkien]  ―  bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  not the same; different
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (and):
    Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 與, 及
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
    Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
    Taiwan 跟, 和
    Yantai (Muping) 和
    Jinan 和, 跟, 給
    Wanrong 和
    Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
    Xi'an 跟, 連
    Yinchuan 連
    Lanzhou 跟, 和
    Xining 帶, 和
    Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
    Wuhan 跟
    Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
    Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
    Guilin 跟, 和
    Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
    Xuzhou 給
    Yangzhou 跟, 交
    Nanjing 告, 跟
    Hefei 跟
    Malaysia 和, 跟
    Singapore 和, 跟
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
    Hong Kong 同, 同埋
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
    Macau 同, 同埋
    Taishan 同埋
    Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
    Dongguan 同, 同埋
    Yangjiang 鄧, 同
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
    Penang (Guangfu) 同
    Singapore (Guangfu) 同
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
    Lichuan 和
    Pingxiang 同, 跟
    Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
    Yudu 澗
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
    Hong Kong 摎
    Kuching (Hepo) 佮
    Huizhou Jixi 搭
    Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
    Xinzhou 給
    Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
    Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 共
    Changle 共
    Fuqing 共
    Yongtai 共
    Gutian 共
    Fu'an 共
    Ningde 共
    Shouning 隨
    Zhouning 傮, 共
    Fuding 跟
    Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
    Quanzhou 佮, 交
    Zhangzhou 佮
    Tainan 佮
    Penang (Hokkien) 佮
    Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
    Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
    Chaozhou 佮, 共
    Shantou 佮
    Jieyang 佮
    Singapore (Teochew) 佮
    Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
    Leizhou 共
    Wenchang 共
    Haikou 共
    Qionghai 共
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 同, 同埋
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
    Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
    Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
    Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
    Danyang 同, 跟
    Hangzhou 同
    Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
    Wenzhou 伉
    Jinhua 亨, 跟
    Xiang Changsha 跟
    Loudi 跟
    Shuangfeng 跟, 同
    • (for):
    Dialectal synonyms of 替 (“for”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 替, 為
    Mandarin Beijing 給, 替
    Taiwan 給, 替
    Jinan 給, 替
    Xi'an 替, 給
    Wuhan 跟, 幫
    Chengdu 幫, 給, 跟
    Yangzhou 代, 替
    Hefei 代, 幫
    Singapore 替
    Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 幫
    Hong Kong 同, 幫
    Yangjiang 替, 幐
    Gan Nanchang 跟, 幫
    Hakka Meixian 同, 代
    Jin Taiyuan 替, 給
    Northern Min Jian'ou 替, 幫
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 替, 共
    Southern Min Xiamen 替, 共
    Quanzhou 共
    Zhangzhou 共
    Tainan 替, 共
    Singapore (Hokkien) 替, 共
    Chaozhou 代, 個
    Wu Shanghai 幫, 搭
    Suzhou 替, 搭
    Wenzhou 代
    Xiang Changsha 幫, 跟, 代
    Shuangfeng 幫
    • (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):
    Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“(used in imperative sentences for emphasis)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 給
    Mandarin Beijing 給
    Taiwan 給
    Cantonese Hong Kong 同
    Southern Min Tainan 共
    Wu Shanghai 幫, 交
    • (particle introducing the object of the verb):
    Dialectal synonyms of 把 (“particle introducing the object of the verb”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 將, 把
    Mandarin Beijing 把
    Taiwan 把
    Jinan 把
    Xi'an 把
    Wuhan 把
    Chengdu 把
    Guilin 把
    Yangzhou 把
    Hefei 把, 幫
    Singapore 把
    Cantonese Guangzhou 將, 𢬿 dated
    Hong Kong 將
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 將
    Taishan 將
    Kaiping (Chikan) 將, 𢬿, 討
    Enping (Niujiang) 𢬿, 討
    Yangjiang 將
    Singapore (Guangfu) 將
    Gan Nanchang 把
    Hakka Meixian 將, 將把
    Xingning 捉到
    Huidong (Daling) 將
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 將
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 將
    Changting 將
    Wuping 拿
    Wuping (Pingyu) 捉
    Ninghua 把
    Ruijin 將
    Shicheng 拿
    Shangyou (Shexi) 拿
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 將
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 將
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 將
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 將
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 將
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 將
    Jin Taiyuan 把
    Northern Min Jian'ou 拿, 邀
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 將, 共, 揢
    Matsu 揢
    Southern Min Xiamen 將, 共
    Quanzhou 將, 共
    Zhangzhou 將, 共
    Tainan 將, 共
    Singapore (Hokkien) 將
    Manila (Hokkien) 共
    Chaozhou 將, 對, 個
    Shantou 將, 把將, 對
    Jieyang 將, 把, 把將, 對, 忐, 個
    Haifeng 將
    Singapore (Teochew) 將, 把將
    Haikou 把
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟
    Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 跟
    Wu Shanghai 拿
    Suzhou 拿
    Ningbo 搭, 把 rare
    Wenzhou 逮
    Xiang Changsha 把
    Shuangfeng 把
    Note[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (共):
    • → Vietnamese: cộng (共)

    Others:

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Rime
    Character 共
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 九容切
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component         		共
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		恭
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    共

    1. a surname

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Rime
    Character 共
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 九容切
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 共
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component         		共
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		恭
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    共

    1. (literary) Alternative form of 供 (“to provide”)
    2. (literary) Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”)
    3. (literary) Alternative form of 宮／宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    共

    1. (literary) Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    共

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. together
    2. both
    3. all
    4. with
    5. co-

    Readings[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Noun[edit]

    共(とも) • (tomo) 

    1. both, all

    Prefix[edit]

    共(きょう) • (kyō-) 

    1. co-

    Suffix[edit]

    共(とも) • (-tomo) 

    1. altogether
    2. ...included
      送(そう)料(りょう)共(とも)
      sōryō-tomo
      including shipping fees, including postage

    Synonyms[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    共(ども) • (-domo) 

    1. indicates plural:
      1. when attached to a human noun
      2. (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
        • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
          「まづ、女(によう)房(ばう)出(い)でね」とて、童(わらは)の姿(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる髪(かみ)どものすそ、 […]
          “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]
          "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

    Usage notes[edit]

    Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

    Synonyms[edit]

    Related terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))

    1. Hanja form? of 공 (“common; together”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
    共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

    1. chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”).
    2. Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).

    References[edit]

    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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