冷

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冷 U+51B7, 冷
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51B7
← 冶
[U+51B6] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冸 →
[U+51B8]
冷 U+F92E, 冷
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92E
← 來
[U+F92D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勞 →
[U+F92F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes
Traditional 冷
Simplified 冷
Japanese 冷
Korean 冷

Han character[edit]

冷 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈一人戈戈 (IMOII), four-corner 38127, composition ⿰冫令)

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1622
  • Dae Jaweon: page 295, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 296, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+51B7

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 冷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
令 *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜 *riːn, *reːŋ
零 *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿 *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
命 *mreŋs
冷 *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉 *reŋ, *reːŋ
嶺 *reŋʔ
領 *reŋʔ
阾 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
柃 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
袊 *reŋʔ
詅 *reŋs, *reːŋ
旍 *ʔsleŋ
舲 *reːŋ
齡 *reːŋ
囹 *reːŋ
鴒 *reːŋ
蛉 *reːŋ
鈴 *reːŋ
苓 *reːŋ
伶 *reːŋ
泠 *reːŋ
瓴 *reːŋ
拎 *reːŋ
刢 *reːŋ
玲 *reːŋ
聆 *reːŋ
竛 *reːŋ
軨 *reːŋ
笭 *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
翎 *reːŋ
閝 *reːŋ
鹷 *reːŋ
昤 *reːŋ
駖 *reːŋ
彾 *reːŋ
呤 *reːŋ
狑 *reːŋ
秢 *reːŋ
岭 *reːŋ
紷 *reːŋ
砱 *reːŋ
羚 *reːŋ
姈 *reːŋ
蕶 *reːŋ
澪 *reːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – cold as ice.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 冷
simp. # 冷

A vocalic variant of 涼 (OC *ɡ·raŋ, “chilly; cold”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 冷
Mandarin Beijing /ləŋ²¹⁴/
Harbin /ləŋ²¹³/
Tianjin /ləŋ¹³/
Jinan /ləŋ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /ləŋ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ləŋ⁵³/
Xi'an /ləŋ⁵³/
Xining /lə̃⁵³/
Yinchuan /ləŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /lə̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /lɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nən⁴²/
Chengdu /nən⁵³/
Guiyang /nen⁴²/
Kunming /lə⁵³̃/
Nanjing /lən²¹²/
Hefei /lən²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /ləŋ⁵³/
Pingyao /ləŋ⁵³/
/liɑ⁵³/
Hohhot /lə̃ŋ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /lã²³/
Suzhou /lã³¹/
Hangzhou /len⁵³/
Wenzhou /liɛ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /lʌ̃³⁵/
/lɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /lɛ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /lən⁴¹/
Xiangtan /nən⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /lɑŋ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /laŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /lɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /laŋ²³/
Nanning /laŋ²⁴/
Hong Kong /laŋ¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liŋ⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /lɛiŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /laiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /nẽ⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /leŋ²¹³/
/lɛ²¹³/
/lɛ³¹/ 晾乾
Rime
Character 冷 冷
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 庚 (109) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II IV
Fanqie 魯打切 力鼎切
Baxter laengX lengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lˠæŋX/ /leŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lᵚaŋX/ /leŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/laŋX/ /lɛŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/laɨjŋX/ /lɛjŋX/
Li
Rong 		/lɐŋX/ /leŋX/
Wang
Li 		/lɐŋX/ /lieŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lɐŋX/ /lieŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lěng lǐng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lang5 ling5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 冷
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lěng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lengX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁeŋʔ/
English cold (Sagart & Ma, 2020)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 冷 冷
Reading # 1/3 3/3
No. 8276 8330
Phonetic
component 		令 令
Rime
group 		陽 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		冷 笭
Old
Chinese 		/*raːŋʔ/ /*reːŋʔ/
Definitions[edit]

冷

  1. cold; cool
    寒冷  ―  hánlěng  ―  cold
    冷水  ―  lěngshuǐ  ―  cold water
  2. (dialectal) to cool; to cool down; to become cold
  3. cold; desolate; quiet
  4. cold; indifferent
  5. to dishearten
  6. idle
  7. disdainful; sarcastic
  8. neglected; not popular
    冷門／冷门  ―  lěngmén  ―  unpopular
  9. unfamiliar; rare
    冷僻  ―  lěngpì  ―  rare
  10. corny; lame
  11. sudden; unexpected
  12. a surname

Synonyms[edit]

  • (cold):
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Yantai (Muping) 冷
Jinan 冷
Luoyang 冷
Wanrong 冷
Xi'an 冷
Yinchuan 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
Guilin 冷
Liuzhou 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Singapore 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Lichuan 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Shishi 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an 寒
Dongshan 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 凝
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
Wu Shanghai 冷
Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
Danyang 冷
Hangzhou 冷
Ningbo 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Lishui 冷
Jinhua 冷
Yushan 凊
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Rime
Character 冷
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 郎丁切
Baxter leng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/leŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/leŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɛjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/leŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lieŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 冷
Reading # 2/3
No. 8317
Phonetic
component 		令
Rime
group 		耕
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		靈
Old
Chinese 		/*reːŋ/
Notes 冷凙
Definitions[edit]

冷

  1. Only used in 冷凙／冷𪞝.

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Definitions[edit]

冷

  1. Only used in 㓑冷.

Etymology 2[edit]

trad. 冷
simp. # 冷
alternative forms 唥
𦀬 Guangxi

Borrowed from French laine (“wool”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

冷

  1. (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) woollen yarn (Classifier: 條／条 c; 嚿 c)
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 毛線 (“knitting wool; wool yarn”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 毛線
Mandarin Taiwan 毛線
Yantai (Muping) 毛線
Luoyang 毛線
Wanrong 毛線
Xi'an 毛線
Wuhan 絨線, 絨
Guiyang 毛線, 頭繩 dated
Liuzhou 冷
Yangzhou 絨線, 頭繩 dated, 扎綆 dated
Cantonese Guangzhou 毛冷, 冷
Hong Kong 毛冷, 冷
Taishan 冷
Dongguan 冷
Gan Nanchang 頭繩子
Pingxiang 毛線, 洋紅繩, 毛繩, 繩子
Hakka Meixian 羊毛索
Jin Taiyuan 毛線
Xinzhou 毛線子
Northern Min Jian'ou 羊毛索
Southern Min Xiamen 羊毛
Tainan 膨紗
Shantou 羊毛
Jieyang 羊毛線, 羊毛紗, 羊毛
Leizhou 冷
Haikou 冷
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冷
Wu Shanghai 絨線, 頭繩 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 頭繩
Danyang 絨線
Hangzhou 絨線
Ningbo 絨線
Wenzhou 絨
Jinhua 毛線
Xiang Changsha 洋繩子
Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

trad. 冷
simp. # 冷
alternative forms 唥

Borrowed from Teochew 儂／侬 (nang5, “person”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

冷

  1. (Cantonese, slang, humorous) guy; person (Classifier: 條／条 c)
  2. (Cantonese) Used in words related to Teochew people.
    冷話／冷话 [Cantonese]  ―  laang5-1 waa6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Teochew language

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

冷

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. cool
  2. cold (beer, person)
  3. chill

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
冷
ひや
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 冷 – see the following entry.
【ひや】
[noun] cold drinking water
Alternative spelling
冷や
(This term, 冷, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

冷 (eumhun 찰 랭 (chal raeng), South Korea 찰 냉 (chal naeng))

  1. Hanja form? of 랭/냉 (“cold”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

冷: Hán Việt readings: lãnh[1]
冷: Nôm readings: linh[2], liểng[2], lành[3], lãnh[2], lênh[2], lạnh[4], lảnh[3], rãnh[2], rảnh[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of lãnh (“cold; neglected”).
  2. chữ Hán form of lạnh (“cold”).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Trần (1999).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hồ (1976).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
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