凡

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See also: 几, 凢, 𠁽, 丸, and 𠔼
凡 U+51E1, 凡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51E1
← 几
[U+51E0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凢 →
[U+51E2]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
0 strokes

Han character[edit]

凡 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓戈 (HNI), four-corner 77210, composition ⿵几丶)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 134, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1739
  • Dae Jaweon: page 299, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 276, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+51E1

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 凡
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嵐 *b·ruːm
葻 *b·uːm
釩 *pʰomʔ
汎 *pʰoms, *bum
凡 *bom
帆 *bom, *boms
颿 *bom, *boms
軓 *bomʔ
梵 *bloms, *bum
芃 *boːŋ, *bum
風 *plum, *plums
飌 *plum
楓 *plum
猦 *plum
偑 *plum
檒 *plum
瘋 *plum
諷 *plums
堸 *blum
渢 *blum
鳳 *bums

Pictogram (象形) – a plate, a flat dish.

Borrowed for abstract meanings. Another character 盤 (OC *baːn) was created to refer to the original word.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 凡

According to Schuessler (2007), Sino-Tibetan in origin; compare Mizo pum (“whole; all”), Burmese ဘုံ (bhum, “common, public, communal”). Cognate with 法 (OC *pqab, “law”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • huang5/huam5 - "ordinary" (huang5 - Shantou, huam5 - Chaozhou);
  • huang6/huam6 - “outline, every, altogether, surname” (huang6 - Shantou, huam6 - Chaozhou).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 凡
Mandarin Beijing /fan³⁵/
Harbin /fan²⁴/ 下～
/fan⁵³/ ～是
Tianjin /fan⁴⁵/
Jinan /fã⁴²/
Qingdao /fã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /fan⁴²/
Xi'an /fã²⁴/
Xining /fã²⁴/
Yinchuan /fan⁵³/
Lanzhou /fɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /fan⁵¹/
Wuhan /fan²¹³/
Chengdu /fan³¹/
Guiyang /fan²¹/
Kunming /fã̠³¹/
Nanjing /faŋ²⁴/
Hefei /fæ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /fæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /xuɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /fæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ve²³/
Suzhou /ve̞¹³/
Hangzhou /vẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /va³¹/
Hui Shexian /fɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi /fuːə⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /fan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɸan¹²/
Gan Nanchang /fan⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fan¹¹/
Taoyuan /fɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fan²¹/
Nanning /fan²¹/
Hong Kong /fan²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /huan³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huaŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /uaiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /huaŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /faŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 凡
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 凡 (146)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 符咸切
Baxter bjom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/bɨɐm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/biɐm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/biɐm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/buam/
Li
Rong 		/biɐm/
Wang
Li 		/bĭwɐm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/bʱi̯wɐm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		faan4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凡
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ bjom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[b]rom/
English in every case

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凡
Reading # 1/1
No. 2914
Phonetic
component 		凡
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		凡
Old
Chinese 		/*bom/
Notes 鹹手冊據切韻改䒦

Definitions[edit]

凡

  1. in general; every, all, any; indicates that the statement applies generally, to all cases.
  2. altogether; in total (of numbers)
  3. ordinary; commonplace
    非凡  ―  fēifán  ―  extraordinary
    凡人  ―  fánrén  ―  common people
  4. worldly; mortal; earthly
  5. (literary) outline; gist
  6. a surname

Antonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

simp. and trad.
 凡

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

凡

  1. (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note fa (4).
    Synonym: 反 (Cantonese opera)

Derived terms[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

凡

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. in general, by and large
  2. ordinary, common, mediocre
  3. outline, gist

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
凡
ぼん
Grade: S
goon
Alternative spelling
凢 (rare)

*/bɨəm/ → /bomʉ/ → /boɴ/

From Middle Chinese 凡 (MC bjom).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

凡(ぼん) • (bon) -na (adnominal 凡(ぼん)な (bon na), adverbial 凡(ぼん)に (bon ni))

  1. mediocre, ordinary
    Antonym: 非凡 (hibon)
Inflection[edit]
Inflection of 凡
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 凡だろ ぼんだろ bon daro
Continuative (連用形) 凡で ぼんで bon de
Terminal (終止形) 凡だ ぼんだ bon da
Attributive (連体形) 凡な ぼんな bon na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 凡なら ぼんなら bon nara
Imperative (命令形) 凡であれ ぼんであれ bon de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 凡ではない
凡じゃない 		ぼんではない
ぼんじゃない 		bon de wa nai
bon ja nai
Informal past 凡だった ぼんだった bon datta
Informal negative past 凡ではなかった
凡じゃなかった 		ぼんではなかった
ぼんじゃなかった 		bon de wa nakatta
bon ja nakatta
Formal 凡です ぼんです bon desu
Formal negative 凡ではありません
凡じゃありません 		ぼんではありません
ぼんじゃありません 		bon de wa arimasen
bon ja arimasen
Formal past 凡でした ぼんでした bon deshita
Formal negative past 凡ではありませんでした
凡じゃありませんでした 		ぼんではありませんでした
ぼんじゃありませんでした 		bon de wa arimasen deshita
bon ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 凡で ぼんで bon de
Conditional 凡なら（ば） ぼんなら（ば） bon nara (ba)
Provisional 凡だったら ぼんだったら bon dattara
Volitional 凡だろう ぼんだろう bon darō
Adverbial 凡に ぼんに bon ni
Degree 凡さ ぼんさ bonsa
Derived terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

凡(ぼん) • (bon) 

  1. mediocrity
    Antonym: 非凡 (hibon)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
凡
おお
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/opo/ → /ofo/ → /oho/ → /oː/

From Old Japanese.

Cognate with 大 (ō, “great, large”), and the oho- element in おほほし (ohohoshi, “unclear, indistinct; depressed, gloomy; stupid, imbecilic”).[2][1]

Historically also realized as obo in old texts, and cognate with the obo- element in 朧 (oboro, “hazy, vague, dim, indistinct”).[2][1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

凡(おお) • (ō) ←おほ (ofo)?†-nari

  1. (archaic) dim, faint
    Synonym: 仄か (honoka)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, poem 219:
      , text here
      天(そら)數(かぞふ)凡津(おほつの)子之(こが)相(あひし)日(ひに)於保(おほ)尓(に)見(み)敷(しか)者(ば)今(いま)叙(ぞ)悔(くやしき) [Man'yōgana]
      空数(そらかぞ)ふ大(おほ)津(つ)の子(こ)が逢(あ)ひし日(ひ)におぼに見(み)しかば今(いま)ぞ悔(くや)しき [Modern spelling]
      sora kazou Ōtsu no ko ga aishi hi ni oboni mishikaba ima zo kuyashiki
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  2. (archaic) moderate
    Synonym: いい加減 (iikagen)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3535:
      , text here
      於能我乎遠(おのがをを)於保(おほ)尓奈於毛比曽(になおもひそ)尓波尓多知(にはにたち)恵麻須我可良尓(ゑますがからに)古麻尓安布毛能乎(こまにあふものを) [Man'yōgana]
      己(おの)が命(を)をおほにな思(おも)ひそ庭(には)に立(た)ち笑(ゑ)ますがからに駒(こま)に逢(あ)ふものを [Modern spelling]
      onoga o o ōni na omoi so niwa ni tachi emasu ga kara ni koma ni au mono o
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  3. (archaic) mediocre, ordinary
    Synonyms: 普通 (futsū), 平凡 (heibon)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 6, poem 965:
      , text here
      凡(おほ)有(なら)者(ば)左毛右毛将為乎(かもかもせむを)恐(かしこみ)跡(と)振痛袖(ふりたきそで)乎(を)忍(しのび)而(て)有(ある)香聞(かも) [Man'yōgana]
      おほならばかもかもせむを畏(かしこ)みと振(ふ)りたき袖(そで)を忍(しの)びてあるかも [Modern spelling]
      ōnaraba ka mo ka mo semu o kashikomi to furitaki sode o shinobite aru ka mo
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  4. (archaic) 大: large, big; roomy, loose
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
凡
おおし
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Appears to be a lexicalized adverbial use of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 多し (ōshi, “many”, modern 多い (ōi), same opo → ofo → oho → ō root).

Alternatively, might be adjective stem ō + conjunctive particle し (shi).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

凡(おおし) • (ōshi) ←おほし (ofosi)?

  1. about, generally, in general
    Synonyms: 凡そ (oyoso), 大体 (daitai)
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

凡 (eumhun 무릇 범 (mureut beom))

  1. Hanja form? of 범 (“all, any, every”).
  2. Hanja form? of 범 (“ordinary, common”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

凡: Hán Nôm readings: phàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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