努

努 U+52AA, 努 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AA ← 助 [U+52A9] CJK Unified Ideographs 劫 → [U+52AB]

Translingual

Han character

努 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 4742₇, composition ⿱奴力)

Derived characters

• 𠴂, 𢭵

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
• Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 369, character 4
• Unihan data for U+52AA

Chinese

trad.		努
simp. #		努

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	*rnaː, *na
笯	*rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐	*rnaː, *na
絮	*rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	*n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴	*naː
砮	*naː, *naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努	*naːʔ
弩	*naːʔ
怒	*naːʔ, *naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女	*naʔ, *nas
籹	*naʔ
恕	*hnjas
如	*nja, *njas
茹	*nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳	*nja, *njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): nǔ (nu³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nou⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): nu²

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): nú

  (Meixian, Guangdong): nu³

• Eastern Min (BUC): nū
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): nó͘ / ló͘ / lǒ͘ / nǒ͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): no³

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶nu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: nǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
    • Wade–Giles: nu³
    • Yale: nǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
    • Palladius: ну (nu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: nou⁵
    • Yale: nóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: nou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: nou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nou̯¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: nu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdu⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú
    • Hakka Romanization System: nu`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nu³
    • Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: nu³
    • Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: nū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡu³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
    • Tâi-lô: nóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: nor
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nɔ̃⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nɔ̃⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
    • Tâi-lô: lóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lor
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: lǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: nǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nɔ̃²²/

Note:

• Quanzhou:
  • nǒ͘/ló͘ - literary;
  • lǒ͘ - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: no³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nò
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /no²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶nu
    • MiniDict: nu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /nu²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: nuX

Rime
Character	努
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	奴古切
Baxter	nuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/nuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/noX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɔX/
Li Rong	/noX/
Wang Li	/nuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/nuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nou5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	努
Reading #	1/1
No.	9606
Phonetic component	女
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	怒
Old Chinese	/*naːʔ/

Definitions

努

1. to exert; to strive; to make an effort

   努力  ―  nǔlì  ―  to make an effort

2. to bulge; to pout
3. (dialectal) to inure oneself through overexertion
4. (Cantonese) to push something out of the body by contracting abdominal muscles to increase the pressure within the abdomen

   努屎 [Cantonese]  ―  nou⁵ si² [Jyutping]  ―  to strain to poop

Compounds

• 共同努力
• 努傷／努伤
• 努克 (Nǔkè)
• 努力 (nǔlì)
• 努勁兒／努劲儿
• 努嘴 (nǔzuǐ)
• 努庫阿洛法／努库阿洛法 (Nǔkù'āluòfǎ)
• 努爾哈赤／努尔哈赤 (Nǔ'ěrhāchì)
• 努牙突嘴
• 努瓦克肖特 (Nǔwǎkèxiàotè)
• 努目
• 努目撐眉／努目撑眉
• 努目訕筋／努目讪筋
• 努睛突眼
• 努筋拔力
• 努納武特／努纳武特 (Nǔnàwǔtè)
• 努脣脹嘴／努唇胀嘴
• 努著
• 唐努山
• 撐眉努眼／撑眉努眼
• 瓦努阿圖／瓦努阿图 (Wǎnǔ'ātú)
• 發憤努力／发愤努力
• 苫眉努目
• 金剛努目／金刚努目

 

Japanese

Kanji

努

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: ぬ (nu)
• Kan-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとむ (tsutomu, 努む); つとめる (tsutomeru, 努める, Jōyō)
• Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
努
ど Grade: 4
on’yomi

Middle Chinese 努 (nuo^X)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ど​ [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [do̞]

Affix

努(ど) • (do) 

1. work, toil

Noun

努(ど) • (do) 

1. the third of the Eight Principles of Yong

Hypernyms

• 永(えい)字(じ)八(はっ)法(ぽう) (Eiji Happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)

Coordinate terms

• 側(そく) (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 勒(ろく) (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 趯(てき) (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 策(さく) (saku, “the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 掠(りゃく) (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 啄(たく) (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 磔(たく) (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
努
つとむ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝto̞mɯ̟ᵝ]

Proper noun

努(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

努 (eumhun 힘쓸 노 (himsseul no))

1. Hanja form^? of 노 (“exertion; striving; making an effort”).

Compounds

• 노력 (努力, noryeok, “effort”)

Vietnamese

Han character

努: Hán Nôm readings: nỗ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.