及

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See also: 乃, 廴, and 殳
及 U+53CA, 及
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CA
← 叉
[U+53C9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 友 →
[U+53CB]

及 U+2F836, 及
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F836
← 灰
[U+2F835] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 叟 →
[U+2F837]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 及
Simplified 及
Japanese 及
Korean 及
Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

及 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+2 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 又+1 in mainland China and Japanese, 4 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 3 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 弓竹水 (NHE), four-corner 17247, composition ⿻⿹𠄎丿乀(GHJV or U+2F836) or ⿸⿱㇇丿又(TK))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 165, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3118
  • Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 35, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+53CA

Chinese[edit]

trad. 及
simp. # 及
alternative forms 﨤

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 及
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (及) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
趿 *sqʰɯːb
鈒 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰrɯb
靸 *sqʰɯːb, *sqʰaːb
馺 *sqʰɯːb
砐 *ŋɡɯːb
魥 *ŋɡɯːb, *kʰab
扱 *skʰrɯːb
笈 *skʰrɯːb, *ɡrab, *ɡab, *ɡrɯb
衱 *ɡrab, *kab
极 *ɡrab, *ɡab
昅 *ɡab
雭 *sqʰrɯb
急 *krɯb
級 *krɯb
汲 *krɯb
芨 *krɯb
伋 *krɯb
彶 *krɯb
及 *ɡrɯb
岌 *ŋɡrɯb
吸 *qʰrɯb

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄 (qì, “to reach to”), and 既 (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 及
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi²⁴/ 來不～
/t͡ɕi⁵³/ ～格
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕji²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕie³¹/
/t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiʔ²/ ～格
Hakka Meixian /kʰip̚⁵/
Taoyuan /kʰip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰɐp̚²/
Nanning /kɐp̚²²/
Hong Kong /kɐp̚²/
/kʰɐp̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kip̚⁵/
/kʰip̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kip̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kip̚³/
Rime
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 侵 (142)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 其立切
Baxter gip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gjip̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɡjəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭĕp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m-k-]rəp/
English reach to

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 及
Reading # 1/1
No. 5664
Phonetic
component 		及
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		及
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrɯb/

Definitions[edit]

及

  1. to reach; to extend to; to reach the level of
    觸手可及／触手可及  ―  chùshǒukějí  ―  at one's fingertips; within reach (literally, "can be reached by the touch of hand")
    及格  ―  jígé  ―  to pass (i.e., to reach the grade for passing)
  2. to catch up; to be in time
    來得及／来得及  ―  láidéjí  ―  to be or to do something in time
    及時／及时  ―  jíshí  ―  prompt; timely
    後悔莫及／后悔莫及  ―  hòuhuǐmòjí  ―  to be too late to regret
  3. to be equal; to be comparable; to match
    愚不可及  ―  yúbùkějí  ―  foolish beyond reach; unmatched foolishness
    • 2022, 陳琰冰 [Yanbing Chen] (lyrics and music), “榮耀至高神 [Glory in the Highest]”‎[2]performed by 讚美之泉 [Stream of Praise Music]:
      榮耀得勝大君王　祢榮美無人能及 [MSC, trad.]
      荣耀得胜大君王　祢荣美无人能及 [MSC, simp.]
      róngyào déshèng Dà Jūnwáng, Nǐ róngměi wúrén néng jí [Pinyin]
      King of glory, king of pow'r, above all, You're beautiful. [official translation]
      Great King of glory and victory, Your beauty, no one can match [literal translation]
  4. and; as well as
    以及  ―  yǐjí  ―  as well as
  5. a surname

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
Taiwan 跟, 和
Yantai (Muping) 和
Jinan 和, 跟, 給
Wanrong 和
Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
Xi'an 跟, 連
Yinchuan 連
Lanzhou 跟, 和
Xining 帶, 和
Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
Wuhan 跟
Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
Guilin 跟, 和
Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
Xuzhou 給
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Nanjing 告, 跟
Hefei 跟
Malaysia 和, 跟
Singapore 和, 跟
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
Hong Kong 同, 同埋
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
Macau 同, 同埋
Taishan 同埋
Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
Dongguan 同, 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧, 同
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
Penang (Guangfu) 同
Singapore (Guangfu) 同
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
Lichuan 和
Pingxiang 同, 跟
Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
Yudu 澗
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
Hong Kong 摎
Kuching (Hepo) 佮
Huizhou Jixi 搭
Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
Xinzhou 給
Northern Min Jian'ou 邀
Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 共
Changle 共
Fuqing 共
Yongtai 共
Gutian 共
Fu'an 共
Ningde 共
Shouning 隨
Zhouning 傮, 共
Fuding 跟
Southern Min Xiamen 佮, 交
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共
Shantou 佮
Jieyang 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
Leizhou 共
Wenchang 共
Haikou 共
Qionghai 共
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 同, 同埋
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
Danyang 同, 跟
Hangzhou 同
Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
Wenzhou 伉
Jinhua 亨, 跟
Xiang Changsha 跟
Loudi 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (及):
  • → Vietnamese: cập (及)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 及
Kyūjitai
[1]
及󠄁
及+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
及󠄃
及+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

及

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. and
  2. reach out
  3. exert
  4. exercise
  5. cause

Readings[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ “及”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

及 (eumhun 미칠 급 (michil geup))

  1. Hanja form? of 급 (“extend”).
  2. Hanja form? of 급 (“reach”).
  3. Hanja form? of 급 (“come up to”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

及: Hán Nôm readings: cập

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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