含

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含 U+542B, 含
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-542B
← 吪
[U+542A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 听 →
[U+542C]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

含 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓口 (OINR), four-corner 80602, composition ⿱今口)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3350
  • Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 592, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+542B

Chinese[edit]

trad. 含
simp. # 含
alternative forms 涵

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 含
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貪 *kʰl'uːm
嗿 *l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋 *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
酓 *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠 *qʰɯːm
谽 *qʰɯːm
唅 *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
含 *ɡɯːm
肣 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
頷 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
筨 *ɡɯːm
梒 *ɡɯːm
鋡 *ɡɯːm
莟 *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
琀 *ɡɯːms
浛 *ɡɯːms
盦 *qɯːm, *qaːb
韽 *qɯːm, *qrɯːms
玪 *krɯːm
妗 *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
欦 *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
鈐 *ɡram
鳹 *ɡram
雂 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
念 *nɯːms
梣 *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
枔 *sɢrɯm
岑 *sɡrɯm
笒 *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
涔 *sɡrɯm
侺 *ɡjɯms
今 *krɯm
黅 *krɯm
衿 *krɯm
衾 *kʰrɯm
坅 *kʰrɯmʔ
搇 *kʰrɯms
琴 *ɡrɯm
禽 *ɡrɯm
芩 *ɡrɯm
庈 *ɡrɯm
耹 *ɡrɯm
靲 *ɡrɯm
擒 *ɡrɯm
檎 *ɡrɯm
紟 *ɡrɯms
吟 *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
訡 *ŋɡrɯm
廞 *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
陰 *qrɯm
霠
飲 *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
蔭 *qrɯms
廕 *qrɯms
矜 *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːm) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gam (“to put into mouth; to seize with mouth”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan འགམ་པ ('gam pa, “to put into the mouth”), Proto-Tani *g(j)am (“bite”).

Within Chinese, cognate with 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm, “to contain; box; letter”) (Schuessler, 2007). 銜 (OC *ɡraːm, “to carry in the mouth; horse's bit”) is probably related. Bodman (1980) considers 頷 (OC *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ) to be the endoactive of 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to hold in the mouth”), literally “the thing that holds something in the mouth”.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: hén - "to hold or keep; to hold or keep in the mouth".
Note:
  • gàng - vernacular;
  • hàng - literary.
Note:
  • kâm/kâⁿ - vernacular;
  • hâm - literary.
Note:
  • gam5 - vernacular;
  • ham5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 含
Mandarin Beijing /xan³⁵/
Harbin /xan²⁴/
Tianjin /xan⁴⁵/
Jinan /xã⁴²/
Qingdao /xã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xan⁴²/
Xi'an /xã²⁴/
Xining /xã²⁴/
Yinchuan /xan⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /xan⁵¹/
Wuhan /xan²¹³/
Chengdu /xan³¹/
Guiyang /xan²¹/
Kunming /xã̠³¹/
Nanjing /xaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /xæ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /xɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /xæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦø²³/
Suzhou /ɦø¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦø³¹/
/gaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /xɛ⁴⁴/
/kʰɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦan¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɵn²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /ham¹¹/
Taoyuan /hɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐm²¹/
Nanning /hɐm²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐm²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ham³⁵/
/kam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /aŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ham⁵⁵/
/kam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ham³¹/
/kam³¹/
Rime
Character 含
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡男切
Baxter hom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦʌm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəm/
Li
Rong 		/ɣᴀm/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ham4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 含
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/
English hold in the mouth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 含
Reading # 1/1
No. 6560
Phonetic
component 		今
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		含
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡɯːm/

Definitions[edit]

含

  1. to hold or keep in the mouth
    含住支煙／含住支烟 [Cantonese]  ―  ham4 zyu6 zi1 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to hold a cigarette in the mouth
  2. to contain inside; to comprise; to include
    含鉛油漆／含铅油漆  ―  hánqiān yóuqī  ―  lead paint
    眼裡含著淚／眼里含着泪  ―  yǎnlǐ hánzhe lèi  ―  tears in the eyes
    痰含血 [Hokkien]  ―  thâm kâⁿ hoeh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  blood in phlegm
  3. (literary, or in compounds) to bear; to endure
  4. to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back
    含恨  ―  hánhèn  ―  to nurse hatred
  5. (Hong Kong Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 含撚. (all senses)
    今鋪真係含喇！ [Cantonese, trad.]
    今铺真系含喇！ [Cantonese, simp.]
    gam1 pou1 zan1 hai6 ham4 laa3! [Jyutping]
    We are really screwed this time
  6. a surname: Han
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to hold in the mouth): 銜／衔 (xián)
  • (to bear):
  • (to include):

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Exoactive or causative of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 憾 (OC *ɡɯːms, “to resent”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 含
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ homH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə-m-[k]ˁ[ə]m-s/
English to put in the mouth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions[edit]

含

  1. † Original form of 琀 (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”).
  2. † to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth

Etymology 3[edit]

Ultimately from Hebrew חָם.

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

含

  1. (biblical) Ham
    閃含語系／闪含语系  ―  Shǎn-Hán yǔxì  ―  Semito-Hamitic language family

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

含

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. include, contain

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

含 (eumhun 머금을 함 (meogeumeul ham))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

含: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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