堪

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堪 U+582A, 堪
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582A
← 堩
[U+5829] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 堫 →
[U+582B]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 44111, composition ⿰土甚)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
  • Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+582A

Chinese[edit]

trad. 堪
simp. # 堪

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 堪
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
湛 *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
媅 *ʔl'uːm
黮 *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
糂 *sluːmʔ
堪 *kʰluːm
戡 *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
嵁 *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
歁 *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
勘 *kʰluːms
磡 *kʰuːms
墈 *kʰuːms
偡 *r'uːmʔ
碪 *ʔl'um
椹 *ʔl'um
揕 *ʔl'ums
踸 *l̥ʰumʔ
鍖 *l̥ʰumʔ
斟 *kljum
諶 *ɡljum
愖 *ɡljum
瘎 *ɡljum
煁 *ɡljum
甚 *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
葚 *ɦljumʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.

Etymology[edit]

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 口含切
Baxter khom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰʌm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰəm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰəm/
Li
Rong 		/kʰᴀm/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ham1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/
English able to bear

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
No. 11271
Phonetic
component 		甚
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		龕
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰluːm/

Definitions[edit]

堪

  1. may; can; to be capable of; to be able to
  2. to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure
    不堪一擊／不堪一击  ―  bùkānyījī  ―  cannot withstand a single blow
  3. (obsolete) protrusion in the earth

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

堪

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
堪
かん
Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

堪(かん) • (kan) 

  1. to bear; to endure
  2. capable

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))

  1. Hanja form? of 감 (“to endure; to bear”).
  2. Hanja form? of 감 (“capable”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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