外

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See also: 㚈 and 舛
外 U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916
← 夕
[U+5915] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夗 →
[U+5917]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

外 (Kangxi radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese[edit]

trad. 外
simp. # 外
alternative forms 𡖄

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 外
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːds) : semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).

According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) ; 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
Note:
  • gōa/giua - colloquial;
  • gōe/ngoǎi/goǎi - literary.
Note:
  • 6nga - colloquial;
  • 6we - literary.
Note: uai4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 外
Mandarin Beijing /uai⁵¹/
Harbin /uai⁵³/
Tianjin /vai⁵³/
Jinan /vɛ²¹/
Qingdao /vɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /uai³¹²/
Xi'an /uai⁴⁴/
Xining /uɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /vɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /vɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /vai²¹³/
Wuhan /uai³⁵/
Chengdu /uai¹³/
Guiyang /uai²¹³/
Kunming /uæ²¹²/
Nanjing /uae⁴⁴/
Hefei /ue̞⁵³/
/ue⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /vai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /uæ³⁵/
Hohhot /vɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
Suzhou /ŋɑ³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
Wenzhou /va²²/
Hui Shexian /uɛ²²/
/ŋa²²/
Tunxi /ŋa¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /uai⁵⁵/
/uai¹¹/
Xiangtan /uai²¹/
Gan Nanchang /uai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ŋoi⁵³/
Taoyuan /ŋoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋɔi²²/
Nanning /ŋɔi²²/
Hong Kong /ŋɔi²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gue²²/
/gua²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋuɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kuɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /gua³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋɔi³³/
/hua²³/
Rime
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 泰 (26)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 五會切
Baxter ngwajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋuɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋʷɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋuɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋwajH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋuɑiH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋuɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋuɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngoi6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngwajH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/
English outside

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
No. 12606
Phonetic
component 		外
Rime
group 		祭
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		外
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷaːds/

Definitions[edit]

外

  1. out; outside; external
    Antonyms: 裡／里 (lǐ), 內／内
    窗外  ―  chuāng wài  ―  outside a window
    外表  ―  wàibiǎo  ―  outward appearance
  2. beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
    此外  ―  cǐwài  ―  in addition (to this)
    十公里外  ―  shí gōnglǐ wài  ―  10 km beyond (a place)
  3. other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
    外國／外国  ―  wàiguó  ―  foreign country
    外校  ―  wài xiào  ―  other schools
  4. foreign country
    中外  ―  zhōngwài  ―  China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
    對外貿易／对外贸易  ―  duì wài màoyì  ―  foreign trade
    漢外詞典／汉外词典  ―  hàn-wài cídiǎn  ―  Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
  5. (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
    見外／见外  ―  jiànwài  ―  to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
  6. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
    外婆  ―  wàipó  ―  maternal grandmother
    外孫／外孙  ―  wàisūn  ―  daughter's son
    外祖父  ―  wàizǔfù  ―  maternal grandfather
  7. additional
    外加  ―  wàijiā  ―  plus
    外帶／外带  ―  wàidài  ―  to include (something) as well
  8. unofficial
    外史  ―  wàishǐ  ―  unofficial history
    外號／外号  ―  wàihào  ―  nickname
  9. (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
    二十外歲／二十外岁 [Hokkien]  ―  jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  20-something years old

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 外面 (“outside”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 外面, 外邊
Mandarin Beijing 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Taiwan 外面, 外頭
Tianjin 外邊兒, 外頭
Chengde 外邊兒, 外頭
Tangshan 外面
Cangzhou 外面兒, 外頭, 外邊兒
Baoding 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Shijiazhuang 外頭
Chifeng 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Heihe 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Qiqihar 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外廂
Harbin 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒拉, 外邊, 外頭
Jiamusi 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Baicheng 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Changchun 外面, 外頭
Tonghua 外面, 外頭, 外邊
Shenyang 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Dandong 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Jinzhou 外面兒, 外面, 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭
Dalian 外邊兒
Yantai 外頭
Yantai (Muping) 外邊兒
Qingdao 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒
Lijin 外面兒, 外頭
Zhucheng 外頭, 外邊兒
Jinan 外頭, 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒
Jining 外頭, 外邊兒
Luoyang 外頭, 外邊兒, 外面兒, 外先
Wanrong 外前
Shangqiu 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Yuanyang 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒
Zhengzhou 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Lingbao 外邊, 外頭
Xinyang 外邊兒, 外頭
Baihe 外頭
Hanzhong 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Xi'an 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭, 外首
Baoji 外面, 外頭
Yinchuan 外面, 外頭, 外邊
Tianshui 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Lanzhou 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外前
Dunhuang 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Xining 外頭, 外面, 外前
Hami 外頭
Ürümqi 外頭, 外面
Wuhan 外面, 外頭, 外邊
Yichang 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Xiangyang 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Tianmen 外面, 外頭, 外興
Hong'an 外面, 外沿, 外頭
Chengdu 外頭, 外前, 外先
Nanchong 外面, 外頭
Dazhou 外頭
Hanyuan 外前
Xichang 外頭
Zigong 外頭
Chongqing 外面, 外頭
Guiyang 外頭, 外面, 外邊
Zunyi 外面, 外頭
Bijie 外頭
Liping 外頭
Zhaotong 外頭
Dali 外首
Kunming 外面, 外邊, 外首
Mengzi 外首
Guilin 外頭, 外面
Liuzhou 外頭, 外面, 外邊
Jishou 外頭
Changde 外頭
Anqing 外面, 外頭
Xuzhou 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭, 外面
Fuyang 外面, 外頭
Wuhu 外面, 外頭
Yangzhou 外面, 外頭
Lianyungang 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Lianshui 外頭
Nanjing 外頭, 外邊
Hefei 外頭, 外面
Nantong 外面, 外頭, 外邊
Malaysia 外面
Singapore 外面
Mae Salong (Lancang) 外面
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 外頭
Cantonese Guangzhou 外便, 出便, 開便, 外低, 外底, 外出, 外間, 開低, 開底, 開底便
Hong Kong 出便, 出面, 外便, 外面, 開便
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 出便, 出茅
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 出便
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 外邊
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 出便
Macau 出便
Guangzhou (Panyu) 出便, 外便
Guangzhou (Conghua) 外便
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 外底, 外便
Foshan 出便, 外便
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 外出
Foshan (Shunde) 出便
Foshan (Sanshui) 出便, 外便
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 外便
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 外便
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 出便
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 出便
Zhuhai (Doumen) 出便, 出底
Jiangmen (Baisha) 出便
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 出便
Taishan 出便, 外底, 外便, 外面, 外頭
Kaiping (Chikan) 外底
Enping (Niujiang) 二底
Heshan (Yayao) 外底
Dongguan 麻口, 出底, 外便, 出便, 出頭
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 出便
Qingyuan 外邊
Fogang 外邊
Yingde (Hanguang) 出便
Yangshan 外便, 出便
Lianshan (Butian) 外邊
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 外面
Shaoguan 出便, 外便
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 出便
Renhua 出邊
Lechang 出便, 外便
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 出頭, 出底
Sihui 外便
Guangning 荷頭
Deqing 外出, 外便
Huaiji 和底
Yunfu 出便, 出低, 外便
Xinxing 會出
Luoding 外便, 出便
Yunan (Pingtai) 出下底
Yangjiang 外低
Xinyi 出那底
Maoming (Xinpo) 外底
Lianjiang 出邊, 外邊, 外面
Nanning 外底, 外面
Wuzhou 外低
Yulin 外底
Hepu (Lianzhou) 外頭
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 外便
Singapore (Guangfu) 出便
Bangkok (Guangfu) 外便
Gan Nanchang 外頭
Lichuan 外家, 外頭
Pingxiang 口前, 外前
Hakka Meixian 外背
Dabu (Xihe) 外背
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 外口, 外出, 外便, 出便, 面出
Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) 外出
Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) 外出
Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) 外出
Dongguan (Qingxi) 外邊
Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) 外面
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 外面
Boluo (Bendihua) 外邊
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 外面
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 出背, 外背, 外面
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 出背
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 外背
Wuhua (Huacheng) 外背
Wuhua (Changbu) 外背
Wuhua (Mianyang) 外背
Heyuan (Bendihua) 門口, 外面
Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) 外面
Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 堤出
Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) 外面
Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 外邊, 外面
Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) 外面
Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 外背
Wengyuan 外背
Nanxiong (Zhuji) 外頭
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 外背
Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) 外邊
Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) 外邊
Liannan 外背
Conghua (Lütian) 外背
Jiexi 門背
Luhe 外背
Raoping (Xinfeng) 外背
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 外頭
Changting 外頭, 外背
Yongding 外邊
Yongding (Xiayang) 外背, 外頭背
Yongding (Gaobei) 外頭
Yongding (Hukeng) 外背
Wuping 壁背
Wuping (Zhongshan) 壁背
Wuping (Yanqian) 出背
Wuping (Wudong) 壁背
Liancheng (Peitian) 外頭
Liancheng (Juxi) 外裡
Liancheng (Zhongbao) 外頭
Ninghua 外邊
Yudu 外底
Ningdu 外高
Ruijin 內頭
Tonggu (Sandu) 外背
Ganzhou (Panlong) 外頭
Dayu 外裡
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 外背
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 外背
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 外背
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 外背
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 外背
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 外頭
Hong Kong 門背, 出邊
Yangxi (Tangkou) 外低
Yangchun (Sanjia) 外低
Xinyi (Sihe) 外邊
Xinyi (Qianpai) 下底
Gaozhou (Xindong) 外頭
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 老背
Huazhou (Xin'an) 那低
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 外面
Lianjiang (Qingping) 外頭
Mengshan (Xihe) 外頭
Luchuan 外頭
Luchuan (Daqiao) 外頭
Sabah (Longchuan) 門背
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 外背
Senai (Huiyang) 門背, 外背
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 外背
Singkawang 外背
Singapore (Meixian) 外背
Singapore (Dabu) 外背
Bangkok (Meixian) 外背
Bangkok (Fengshun) 外咧
Bangkok (Jiexi) 外背
Huizhou Jixi 外頭
Shexian 外面, 外面頭
Jin Taiyuan 外頭, 外面
Yangyuan 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭
Datong 外頭, 外前
Xinzhou 外頭
Lishi 外面兒, 外頭, 外首兒
Linfen 外些
Changzhi 外面兒, 外邊兒
Linhe 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Jining 外頭
Hohhot 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭
Erenhot 外面, 外頭
Pingshan 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭
Zhangjiakou 外面兒, 外頭
Handan 外面, 外邊, 外頭
Linzhou 外頭
Suide 外面兒, 外頭, 外前
Northern Min Jian'ou 外前, 外邊
Songxi 外界
Jianyang 外邊
Eastern Min Fuzhou 外首, 外首勢, 外兜
Changle 外首
Fuqing 外兜
Yongtai 外首
Gutian 外首, 外兜
Fu'an 外爿
Ningde 外爿
Shouning 外面
Zhouning 外爿
Fuding 外底, 外爿
Southern Min Xiamen 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口面
Xiamen (Tong'an) 外面, 外口
Quanzhou 外面, 外口, 口面
Jinjiang 外口, 口面
Shishi 外口
Yongchun 外面
Zhangzhou 外面, 外口, 口面, 口仔
Pinghe 外口, 外面
Zhangpu 外口
Zhao'an 外爿, 外口, 厝外, 口爿
Dongshan 口爿
Taipei 外口
New Taipei (Sanxia) 外面
Kaohsiung 口面, 外口
Yilan 口面, 外口
Changhua (Lukang) 外口
Taichung 外口, 外面, 口面
Tainan 口面, 外口
Hsinchu 外口, 外面
Kinmen 外口
Penghu (Magong) 外面
Penang (Hokkien) 外面, 外口
Singapore (Hokkien) 外口, 口面
Manila (Hokkien) 外口, 外面, 口爿
Longyan 外面, 外頭, 外裹
Zhangping 外面
Zhangping (Yongfu) 外面, 外爿
Datian 從皮
Chaozhou 外爿, 口爿
Raoping 口爿, 外口
Shantou 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口爿
Shantou (Chenghai) 外爿
Shantou (Chaoyang) 外爿, 口爿, 外口
Jieyang 外爿, 口爿
Haifeng 外口, 內口
Bangkok (Teochew) 外爿
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 外口
Singapore (Teochew) 口爿, 外口
Leizhou 外路
Wenchang 外
Haikou 外面, 外
Singapore (Hainanese) 外
Puxian Min Putian 外向
Central Min Yong'an 前邊
Sanyuan 前邊
Shaxian 屋前
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 出頭, 外頭
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 外頭
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 外頭
Shehua Hua'an 出去
Chaozhou 外面
Fengshun 門背
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 門前
Wu Shanghai 外面, 外頭, 外底頭, 外首 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 外面, 外頭
Suzhou 外頭, 外面, 外勢
Danyang 外頭
Hangzhou 外頭
Ningbo 外頭, 外向 rare
Wenzhou 外面, 外轉
Jinhua 外面, 外面手, 外頭
Xiang Changsha 外頭
Loudi 外前, 外頭
Shuangfeng 外前, 外頭
Quanzhou 外頭

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (外):
  • → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
  • → Korean: 외(外) (oe)
  • → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

外

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. outside
  2. foreign
  3. other
  4. except

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
そと
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 所 (to, “place”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外(そと) • (soto) 

  1. (the) outside
    箱(はこ)の外(そと)
    hako no soto
    outside of the box
    外(そと)は雨(あめ)
    soto wa ame
    it is raining outside
    (literally, “outside is rain”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
ほか
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.

Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, “outside”),[4] compare Korean 밖 (bak, “outside”).

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外(ほか) • (hoka) 

  1. other (things); the rest

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
よそ
Grade: 2
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry.
【余所よそ】
[noun] another place
[noun] a place outside one's family or group
[noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing
Alternative spelling
他所
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
と
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外(と) • (to) 

  1. (the) outside
  2. toilet

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
がい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Middle Chinese 外 (ŋuɑiH)

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

外(がい) • (-gai) ←ぐわい (gwai)?

  1. outside; external
  2. except for
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
げ
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外(げ) • (ge) 

  1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
  2. (in compounds) external
Derived terms[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. ^ John Bentley (2000) “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research‎[1], volume 36, number 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 밧 (Yale: pàs) 외〯 (Yale: wǒy)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

外 (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))

  1. Hanja form? of 외 (“outside; surface”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy

  • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

  • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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