妻

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妻 U+59BB, 妻
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-59BB
← 妺
[U+59BA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 妼 →
[U+59BC]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
0 strokes

Han character[edit]

妻 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十中女 (JLV), four-corner 50404, composition ⿱⿻一肀女)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 257, character 30
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6140
  • Dae Jaweon: page 522, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1036, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+59BB

Chinese[edit]

trad. 妻
simp. # 妻
alternative forms 𪥼

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 妻
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (妻) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
妻 *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls
萋 *sʰiːl
淒 *sʰiːl
凄 *sʰiːl
悽 *sʰiːl
鶈 *sʰiːl
郪 *sʰiːl, *sʰil
緀 *sʰiːl, *sʰiːlʔ
霋 *sʰiːl
棲 *siːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肀 (“hand grabbing hair”) + 女 (“woman”) ― a man grabbing a woman's hair to show ownership (marriage by capture).

Etymology[edit]

Thought to be cognate to 齊 (OC *dzêi, “same, equal (adj.), in line”) (SWJZ[1]; Karlgren, 1956) & interpreted as "an equal to her husband"; yet this is unlikely considering the realities of ancient societies (Schuessler, 2007).

Schuessler instead proposes Austroasiatic etymology: he reconstructs 妻 (OC *tshə̂i) < *k-sə̂i and compares it to Middle Khmer [script needed] (kansai, “wife”) (whence Khmer កន្សៃ (kɑnsay, “wife”)) and Khmer [script needed] (*khsay, “be female”) with *ka(n)- being a female marker (ibid.).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • chhe - literary;
  • chhoe - vernacular.
Rime
Character 妻
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 七稽切
Baxter tshej
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰei/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰei/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰɛi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰɛj/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰei/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰiei/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰiei/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 妻
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshej ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]ˁəj/
English consort, wife

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 妻
Reading # 1/2
No. 9913
Phonetic
component 		妻
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		妻
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰiːl/

Definitions[edit]

妻

  1. wife
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 妻子 (“wife”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 妻, 妻兒, 內人, 內子, 夫人, 娘子
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 妻子, 夫人, 太太, 妻室, 妻房, 拙荊 humble
Mandarin Beijing 女人, 媳婦兒, 老婆子, 家項兒 dated
Taiwan 太太, 老婆, 牽手
Tianjin 老婆, 屋裡的, 家裡的, 娘們兒
Ulanhot 媳婦兒, 老娘們兒
Tongliao 媳婦兒, 老娘們兒
Chifeng 老娘們兒
Bayanhot 老婆, 屋裡的
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 媳婦兒, 老娘們兒
Harbin 老婆, 媳婦兒, 屋裡的, 屋裡人兒, 老娘們兒
Shenyang 老婆, 家裡的
Yantai (Muping) 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡兒的
Qingdao 老婆子
Weifang (Weicheng) 老婆, 家裡
Weifang (Fangzi) 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡
Weifang (Hanting) 老婆, 媳婦
Changyi 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡
Gaomi 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡
Zhucheng 媳子, 老婆
Anqiu 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡
Changle 老婆, 媳婦, 家裡
Linqu 老婆, 媳婦
Qingzhou 老婆, 媳婦
Shouguang 老婆, 女人
Wulian 老婆, 辦飯的
Jinan 老婆, 媳婦, 女的, 家裡, 家裡的
Luoyang 女人, 媳婦兒, 屋裡的, 家裡
Wanrong 老婆, 媳婦
Zhengzhou 媳婦
Xi'an 女人, 媳婦兒, 老婆, 婆娘, 屋裡人, 屋裡家
Yinchuan 婆姨, 媳婦, 女人
Lanzhou 女人, 媳婦, 屋裡的, 家裡的
Xining 媳婦, 婆娘, 家裡的
Ürümqi 女人, 媳婦兒, 央格子
Wuhan 女的, 女將, 屋裡 dated, 屋裡的 dated, 屋裡人 dated, 家務 dated, 堂客 dated
Huanggang 屋裡人, 屋裡, 堂客
Chengdu 女的, 女人, 老娘兒, 婆娘
Guiyang 女的, 女人, 婆娘, 屋頭人
Kunming 婆娘, 老婆, 媳婦, 女人, 家首
Guilin 老婆
Liuzhou 老婆, 婆娘 dated
Sanjiang (Danzhou) 老婆
Xuzhou 女的, 家下, 家來的, 家裡人, 媳婦兒
Yangzhou 老婆, 媽媽, 堂客, 女眷
Xinghua 女人, 女將
Nanjing 女的, 女人, 老婆, 媽媽
Hefei 老婆, 奶奶們
Nantong 堂客, 女將, 奶奶, 老婆
Malaysia 老婆
Singapore 老婆, 太太
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 老婆, 婆姨, 婆娘, 妻人
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 老婆, 婆姨, 女人, 妻人
Cantonese Guangzhou 老婆, 女人, 煮飯婆, 堂客
Hong Kong 老婆, 煮飯婆, 太太 non-face-to-face
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 老婆
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 老婆
Macau 老婆, 太太
Guangzhou (Panyu) 老婆
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 老婆
Guangzhou (Conghua) 老婆
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 老婆
Foshan 老婆
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 老婆
Foshan (Shunde) 老婆
Foshan (Sanshui) 老婆
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 老婆
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 老婆
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 老婆
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 老婆
Zhuhai (Doumen) 老婆
Jiangmen (Baisha) 老婆
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 老婆
Taishan 老婆
Kaiping (Chikan) 老婆
Enping (Niujiang) 老婆
Heshan (Yayao) 老婆
Dongguan 老婆
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 老婆
Shaoguan 老婆
Yunfu 老婆
Yangjiang 老婆, 家下, 夫娘
Xinyi 老婆
Lianjiang 老婆
Nanning 老婆
Wuzhou 老婆, 燒火婆
Yulin 老婆, 婦娘
Hepu (Lianzhou) 老婆
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 老婆
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 老婆
Dongxing 老婆
Danzhou 老婆
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 老婆
Singapore (Guangfu) 老婆
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 老婆, 太太
Móng Cái 老婆
Gan Nanchang 老婆, 女客
Lichuan 老婆, 女客
Pingxiang 婆娘, 老婆
Jianning 老婆
Taining 阿娘
Hakka Meixian 老婆
Xingning 老婆
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 老婆
Huiyang 老婆
Huidong (Daling) 老婆
Dongguan (Qingxi) 老婆
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 老婆
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 老婆
Wuhua (Huacheng) 老婆
Heyuan (Bendihua) 老婆
Wengyuan 老婆
Nanxiong (Zhuji) 婦娘, 堂客
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 老婆
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 婆乸
Liannan 老婆
Conghua (Lütian) 老婆
Jiexi 老婆
Luhe 婦娘
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 婦娘
Pinghe (Jiufeng) 媽娘
Changting 老婆
Shanghang 老婆
Yongding 老婆
Wuping 老婆
Wuping (Yanqian) 老婆
Wuping (Pingyu) 老婆, 婦娘
Liancheng 婦娘
Ninghua 老婆
Qingliu 婦娘
Yudu 老婆, 婦娘
Ningdu 老婆
Ruijin 老婆, 婦娘
Shicheng 老婆
Shangyou (Shexi) 老婆
Tonggu (Sandu) 老婆
Ganzhou (Panlong) 老婆
Dayu 老婆
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 婦娘, 老姐
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 姐仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 婦娘, 老姐
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 婦娘, 老姐
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 婦娘, 老姐
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 婦娘
Hong Kong 老婆
Mengshan (Xihe) 老婆
Luchuan 老婆
Luchuan (Daqiao) 老婆
Sabah (Longchuan) 老婆
Senai (Huiyang) 老婆
Singkawang 老婆, 番婆
Singapore (Dabu) 老婆
Huizhou Jixi 老嫗
Shexian 老婆, 堂客
Tunxi 老婆
Xiuning 老婆
Yixian 老婆
Qimen 婦兒家
Wuyuan 老婆
Fuliang 老婆, 婦人個
Dexing 老婆
Jingde 屋裡
Shitai (Xianyu) 老婆
Jin Taiyuan 老婆, 家裡的, 女人, 婆姨
Pingyao 老婆, 媳婦, 婆姨
Xinzhou 女人, 老婆, 婆姨
Taibus (Baochang) 老婆
Linhe 老婆, 女人
Jining 老婆, 媳婦
Hohhot 女人
Baotou 老婆, 媳婦
Dongsheng 老婆
Haibowan 老婆
Northern Min Jian'ou 老媽
Jian'ou (Dikou) 老媽
Songxi 老媽
Zhenghe 老媽
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 老媽
Jianyang 老媽
Wuyishan 老媽
Pucheng (Shibei) 老媽
Eastern Min Fuzhou 老媽, 諸娘儂, 厝裡, 𡚸, 老小
Changle 老媽, 厝裡
Lianjiang 老媽, 厝裡
Fuqing 老媽, 𡚸, 厝裡
Pingtan 老媽
Yongtai 老媽
Minqing 老媽
Gutian 老媽
Pingnan 老媽
Luoyuan 老媽
Fu'an 老媽
Ningde 老媽
Xiapu 老媽
Zherong 老媽
Shouning 老媽
Zhouning 老媽
Fuding 老媽
Matsu 老媽
Sitiawan (Gutian) 老媽
Southern Min Xiamen 某, 牽手, 牽手的, 查某儂, 厝內, 厝內儂, 家內, 家內儂, 家後, 內人, 內助, 婦人儂, 柴耙, 老柴杮, 老柴㷮
Xiamen (Tong'an) 某
Quanzhou 某, 牽手, 牽手的, 查某儂, 厝內, 家內, 家內儂, 家後, 內人, 內助, 婦人儂
Jinjiang 某
Nan'an 某
Shishi 某
Hui'an 某
Anxi 某
Yongchun 某
Dehua 某
Zhangzhou 某, 牽手, 牽手的, 查某儂, 厝內, 厝內儂, 家內, 家內儂, 家後, 內人, 內助, 婦人儂, 內頭, 㾀菜籃
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 某
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 某
Hua'an 某
Nanjing 某
Pinghe 某
Zhangpu 某
Yunxiao 某
Zhao'an 某
Dongshan 某
Taipei 太太, 某, 牽手
New Taipei (Sanxia) 太太, 阮厝的查某儂, 阿貼的, 後柴耙, 某
Kaohsiung 太太, 某, 查某儂, 柴耙, 牽手, 牽的, 煮飯的
Yilan 太太, 某, 查某儂, 家後, 柴耙, 牽手, 牽的, 煮飯的
Changhua (Lukang) 某, 查某人, 柴耙, 牽手, 煮飯的
Taichung 某, 家後, 牽手
Taichung (Wuqi) 某
Tainan 太太, 某, 查某儂, 柴耙, 牽手, 牽的, 煮飯的
Taitung 某
Hsinchu 某, 家後, 查某儂, 煮飯的, 柴耙
Kinmen 某, 家內, 太的
Penghu (Magong) 某, 牽手, 查某儂, 姿娘, 夫人, 家內, 柴耙
Penang (Hokkien) 某, 查某儂, 家後
Singapore (Hokkien) 某, 厝內, 厝內儂
Manila (Hokkien) 某, 牽手, 牽手的
Longyan 老婆
Zhangping 查某儂, 某
Zhangping (Yongfu) 查某, 老媽 non-face-to-face
Datian 老媽
Chaozhou 𡚸
Shantou 𡚸, 老婆
Shantou (Chenghai) 𡚸
Jieyang 𡚸
Lufeng 𡚸
Haifeng 𡚸, 㜁𡚸
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 𡚸
Singapore (Teochew) 𡚸, 老婆
Leizhou 老婆, 婆
Wenchang 老婆
Haikou 老婆, 妰娝 dated
Qionghai 老婆
Puxian Min Putian 老媽
Xianyou 老媽
Central Min Yong'an 俺娘
Sanyuan 俺娘
Shaxian 阿娘
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 媽娘
Guangze 媽娘
Jiangle 老婆
Mingxi 阿娘
Shunchang 老婆
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 老婆
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 老婆, 女人
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 老婆
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 女人
Wu Shanghai 老婆, 太太, 妻子, 夫人, 內人, 女人, 家主婆, 屋裡個, 屋裡
Shanghai (Chongming) 女個, 屋裡, 女客, 女人
Suzhou 女人, 家小, 家主婆, 家婆, 屋裡, 老婆
Wuxi 老婆, 女人, 家主婆, 屋裡人
Danyang 女個, 老媽, 家裡
Hangzhou 老婆, 老娘, 女人, 女的, 屋裡, 屋裡廂
Shaoxing 老媽
Ningbo 老婆, 老𡢿, 女人, 屋裡人 dated
Wenzhou 老安, 老安人, 老人兒, 老人客, 老人, 屋裡
Jinhua 老婆, 窩裡
Jinhua (Tangxi) 老媽
Pucheng 老婆
Xiang Changsha 堂客, 內當家, 婆婆子
Xiangtan 堂客
Loudi 堂客, 婆娘, 老婆, 屋裡個, 他㑲娘
Shuangfeng 堂客, 老婆
Quanzhou 老婆

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Rime
Character 妻
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 七計切
Baxter tshejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰeiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰeiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰeiH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰieiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 妻
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]ˁəj-s/
English give as wife

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 妻
Reading # 2/2
No. 9923
Phonetic
component 		妻
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		砌
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰiːls/

Definitions[edit]

妻

  1. † to give a wife to; to give as a wife; to become married to a man
  2. † to marry a woman

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

妻

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. spouse

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
妻
つま
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

From 端 (tsuma, “side, edge”), indicating the person who is at the side of someone: a spouse.[1] Compare the English expression better half.

This term originally referred to either a male (husband) or female (wife) spouse. In modern usage, this term refers only to a female spouse.[1]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

妻(つま) • (tsuma) 

  1. (archaic) a spouse
  2. (humble, only refers to one's own) a wife (married woman)
    • 1999 February 15 [1983 June 20], Osamu Tezuka, “第８話　未知への挑戦 [Chapter 8: Challenge of the Third Kind]”, in ブラック・ジャック [Black Jack], 8th edition, volume 18 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 176:
      先(せん)生(せい)………………私(わたし)の妻(つま)は美(うつく)しいでしょう？
      Sensei……………… watashi no tsuma wa utsukushii deshō?
      Doctor... Do you think my wife is beautiful?
      ああ！すばらしい美(び)人(じん)ですよ！
      Ā! Subarashii bijin desu yo!
      Sure! She’s a gorgeous lady!
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
妻
つま
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

By extension from the at the side sense.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

妻(つま) • (tsuma) 

  1. a side dish
  2. a tangent, a digression, something to the side of the main thing

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
妻
さい
Grade: 5
goon

From Middle Chinese 妻 (MC tshej|tshejH, “wife”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

妻(さい) • (sai) 

  1. my wife
    • Isikawa Takuboku, Romazi Nikki
      Yo wa Sai wo aisiteru; aisiteru kara koso kono Nikki wo yomase taku nai no da.
      I love my Wife; it is precisely because I love her that I do not want her to read this Diary.
Usage notes[edit]
  • Used chiefly in written texts such as letters.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 妻 (MC tshej).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 촁 (Yale: chyèy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 겨〯집 (Yale: kyěcìp) 쳐 (Yale: chyè)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

妻 (eumhun 아내 처 (anae cheo))

  1. Hanja form? of 처 (“wife”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

妻: Hán Nôm readings: thê, thế

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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