後

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See also: 后
後 U+5F8C, 後
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C
← 律
[U+5F8B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徍 →
[U+5F8D]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

後 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹人女戈水 (HOVIE), four-corner 22247, composition ⿰彳⿱幺夊)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 366, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 688, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 822, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F8C

Chinese[edit]

trad. 後
simp. 后*
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 後
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 幺 (“thread”) + 夊 (“foot”) – a foot bound by a rope, thus lagging behind. The component 彳 was added afterwards to emphasize this action.

Note that the simplified form 后 is also a traditional character on its own, with a different meaning.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwak (“below”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འོག ('og, “below”), Burmese အောက် (auk, “under; below”), Burmese နောက် (nauk, “behind”) (from Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔok (“lower side; below”)).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: heu3 - only in 後生.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • hêu - vernacular;
    • heu - literary.
  • Meixian:
    • hêu1 - vernacular;
    • hêu4 - literary.
Note:
  • âu - vernacular;
  • hâu - vernacular (only in 後生);
  • hâiu - literary.
Note:
  • āu/ǎu - vernacular;
  • hāu/hǎu - vernacular (only in 後生, 後的);
  • hō͘/hiǒ/hiō - literary.
Note:
  • ao6 - vernacular;
  • hao6 - literary.
Note:
  • hou6 - vernacular;
  • hou5 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 侯 (137) 侯 (137)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 胡口切 胡遘切
    Baxter huwX huwH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦəuX/ /ɦəuH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦəuX/ /ɦəuH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣəuX/ /ɣəuH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦəwX/ /ɦəwH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuX/ /ɣuH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣəuX/ /ɣəuH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣə̯uX/ /ɣə̯uH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hòu hòu
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hau6 hau6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hòu hòu
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ huwX › ‹ huwH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ˁ(r)oʔ/ /*[ɢ]ˁ(r)oʔ-s/
    English after put after ?

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 後 後
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 5178 5179
    Phonetic
    component         		後 後
    Rime
    group         		侯 侯
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		厚 𠋫
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɢoːʔ/ /*ɢoːs/
    Notes 甲文象足受系而遲後（文源）

    Definitions[edit]

    後

    1. behind; rear; back
      後院／后院  ―  hòuyuàn  ―  backyard
      背後／背后  ―  bèihòu  ―  behind
      Antonym: 前 (qián)
    2. later; after; afterwards
      以後／以后  ―  yǐhòu  ―  after
      然後／然后  ―  ránhòu  ―  after, afterwards
      畢業後／毕业后  ―  bìyè hòu  ―  after graduation
      三天後／三天后  ―  sān tiān hòu  ―  after three days
    3. last
      後五名／后五名  ―  hòu wǔ míng  ―  the last five
    4. descendants; offsprings
      無後／无后  ―  wúhòu  ―  to lack male offspring
    5. post-
    6. (literary) anus
      寧為雞口，無為牛後 [MSC, trad.]
      宁为鸡口，无为牛后 [MSC, simp.]
      níngwèijīkǒu，wúwèiniúhòu [Pinyin]
      Better be the beak of a chicken than the anus of an ox (proverb)
    7. a surname

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (後):
    • → Japanese: 後(こう) (kō); 後(ご) (go)
    • → Korean: 후(後) (hu)
    • → Vietnamese: hậu (後)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    後

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. behind, after

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    あと
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Originally an extension of 跡(あと) (ato, “footprint; leftover”), itself a compound of 足(あ) (a, “foot”) + 所(と) (to, “place”).[1][2][3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    後(あと) • (ato) 

    1. (spatially) the back, the rear, behind
      Synonyms: 後ろ, 後方
      子(こ)犬(いぬ)が後(あと)からついてくる。
      Koinu ga ato kara tsuite kuru.
      The puppy will follow behind.
      (literally, “The puppy will follow from the back.”)
    2. (temporally) later time, afterwards, some time after the present
      Synonym: 以後
      後(あと)で連(れん)絡(らく)します。
      Ato de renraku shimasu.
      I'll contact you later.
      会(かい)議(ぎ)の後(あと) ― kaigi no ato ― after the meeting
      1. time after death
        Synonym: 死後
    3. (in order) the next person or thing
      Antonym: 先 (saki)
      名(めい)簿(ぼ)の後(あと)の方(かた) ― meibo no ato no kata ― the next one on the roster
      1. instead, in place of
        お後(あと)は何(なに)にしますか。
        O-ato wa nani ni shimasu ka.
        What are you going to do instead?
      2. successor
        Synonyms: 後継者, 後任
      3. descendants, offspring
        Synonyms: 子孫, 後胤
      4. wife of remarriage
        Synonym: 後妻
    4. the rest; certain part, space or thing left
      あとは頼(たの)んだぞ。
      Ato wa tanonda zo.
      I leave the rest to you.
      1. memory of the deceased; one's virtue that remains after death
        Synonym: 名残
        祖(そ)父(ふ)の後(あと)をしのぶ
        Sofu no ato o shinobu
        be in memory of Grandfather

    Adverb[edit]

    後(あと) • (ato) 

    1. later, after, from now on
      後(あと)三(さん)分(ぷん)で終(しゅう)了(りょう)します。
      Ato san-pun de shūryō shimasu.
      It will end in three minutes.
      (literally, “It will end three minutes later.”)

    Conjunction[edit]

    後(あと) • (ato) 

    1. afterwards, then
      Synonym: それから
      後(あと)、気(き)付(づ)いたことはありませんか。
      Ato, kizuita koto wa arimasen ka.
      Have you ever noticed after that?

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    うしろ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    後ろ (common)
    For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
    【後うしろ】
    [noun] the back, the behind, the rear (both spatially and temporally)
    [noun] one's backside
    (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)


    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    おくれ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 遅れる (okureru, “to be late; to be delayed; to come after something else”). Examples appear from at least the 1300s.[1]

    More commonly spelled with the okurigana.

    Definitions[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
    【遅おくれ】
    [noun] [from 1914] something later, after, or behind
    [noun] [from 1914] delay, postponement, lag
    [noun] [from 1730] loss, failure, inferiority compared to something else
    [noun] [from late 1300s] uncertainty, nervousness, indecision
    Alternative spellings
    後れ, 遅
    (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    しり
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Uncommon alternative spelling.

    Definitions[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 後 – see the following entry.
    【尻しり】S
    [noun] behind; the end
    [noun] the rear portion of the body: bottom, buttocks
    [noun] the bottom or underside of an object
    [suffix] suffix in certain surnames
    Alternative spellings
    臀, 㞍
    (This term, 後, is an alternative spelling (less common) of the above term.)

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    しりえ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    後方

    From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki of 720, and phonetically as 志利弊 (siripe1) in the Man'yōshū of 759.[5]

    Compound of 尻 (shiri, “butt, tail, rear”) +‎ 方 (e, “side, facing, way, direction”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    後(しりえ) • (shirie) 

    1. the rear, back, or backside of something
    2. the rearward or backward direction
    3. the portion of a palace where a queen or other female imperial consort lives

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    のち
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Ultimate derivation unknown.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    後(のち) • (nochi) 

    1. later, afterwards, some time after the present
      晴(は)れのち雨(あめ)
      hare nochi ame
      rains after sunshine

    Etymology 7[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    ゆり
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Ultimate derivation unknown. May be cognate with より (yori, “from; after”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    後(ゆり) • (yuri) 

    1. (obsolete) later, afterwards, some time after the present

    Etymology 8[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    ご
    Grade: 2
    tōon
    Alternative spelling
    后

    From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, huwH, “after”). Classified as the tōon or "Tang sound", so likely borrowed from Chinese topolects spoken during the Song dynasty and after.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    後(ご) • (go) 

    1. later, afterwards, some time after the present
      彼(かれ)は卒業後(そつぎょうご)に結婚(けっこん)します。
      Kare wa sotsugyōgo ni kekkonshimasu.
      He is going to get married after the graduation.
      彼(かれ)は卒業後(そつぎょうご)は大阪(おおさか)の会社(かいしゃ)に勤(つと)めます。
      Kare wa sotsugyōgo wa Ōsaka no kaisha ni tsutomemasu.
      He is going to work for a company in Osaka after the graduation.
      卒業後(そつぎょうご)、彼(かれ)は小学校(しょうがっこう)の先生(せんせい)になった。
      Sotsugyōgo, kare wa shōgakkō no sensei ni natta.
      After the graduation, he became a teacher at an elementary school.

    Suffix[edit]

    後(ご) • (-go) 

    1. after

    Etymology 9[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    後
    こう
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, “after”). Classified as the kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading hòu.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    後(こう) • (kō-) 

    1. prefixing element in kanji compounds, adding a meaning of later, after, following, rearward
    Usage notes[edit]

    Only used in compounds. Never used in isolation.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    5. ^ “後方・後”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 後 (MC huwX).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅮᇢ〯 (Yale: hhwǔw)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 뒤〯 (Yale: twǔy) 후〯 (Yale: hwǔ)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [후(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    後 (eumhun 뒤 후 (dwi hu))

    1. Hanja form? of 후 (“after”).
    2. Hanja form? of 후 (“behind”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    後: Hán Nôm readings: hậu

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