抑

See also: 印

抑 U+6291, 抑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6291 ← 抐 [U+6290] CJK Unified Ideographs 抒 → [U+6292]

Translingual

Han character

抑 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手竹女中 (QHVL), four-corner 5702₀, composition ⿰扌卬)

Derived characters

• 𠳑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 421, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11883
• Dae Jaweon: page 768, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1841, character 7
• Unihan data for U+6291

Chinese

simp. and trad.		抑
alternative forms		印 𢬃 𢫽 𠨔 𢮮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 抑
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) : A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ya
• Eastern Min (BUC): ék
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iak / ek / iah / ah / ia̍h / a̍h / á
• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁷iq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yì
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yì
    • Wade–Giles: i⁴
    • Yale: yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jik¹
    • Yale: yīk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
    • Hakka Romanization System: ia
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ya⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯a⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ya⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ék
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
    • Tâi-lô: iak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
    • Tâi-lô: ik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eg
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iah
    • Tâi-lô: iah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iaq
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iaʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ah
    • Tâi-lô: ah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: aq
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /aʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍h
    • Tâi-lô: ia̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iah
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iaʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
    • Tâi-lô: a̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ah
    • IPA (Xiamen): /aʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: á
    • Tâi-lô: á
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ar
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /a⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

• iak/ek - literary;
• iah/ah/ia̍h/á - vernacular;
• a̍h - vernacular (“then”).

• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁷iq
    • MiniDict: ih^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴iq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɪʔ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	抑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)ik/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	抑	抑
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ](r)ik/	/*[ʔ](r)ik/
English	and, but, or	rub, repress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	抑
Reading #	1/1
No.	15013
Phonetic component	抑
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/
Notes	説文從反印

Definitions

抑

1. to press down; to keep down
2. to repress; to suppress; to restrain; to restrict
3. to hinder; to hamper; to obstruct
4. to lower (one's head); to look down
5. deep; low-pitched
6. sulky; depressed
7. (Eastern Min) muggy; sultry; humid
8. or (linking alternatives)
9. furthermore; moreover; also
10. however; but
11. (literary or Xiamen Hokkien) then; and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives)
12. Meaningless sentence-initial particle.
13. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 還是 (“or”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		抑, 或
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		抑或, 還是
Mandarin	Taiwan	還是
	Yangzhou	還是
	Singapore	還是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	定係, 定
	Hong Kong	定係, 定, 抑或, 抑或係, 定抑或, 定抑或係, 還是, 定還是, 定還是係
	Taishan	毋, 毋又, 抑或
	Singapore (Guangfu)	定, 定係
Gan	Nanchang	還是
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	還係, 也係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	還係, 也係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	還係, 也係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	還係, 也係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	還係, 也係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	抑係
Huizhou	Jixi	還是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	故是
Southern Min	Xiamen	抑是, 抑
	Quanzhou	抑是, 抑
	Zhangzhou	抑是, 抑
	Taipei	抑是
	Penang (Hokkien)	抑是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	抑是
	Manila (Hokkien)	抑是
	Chaozhou	抑是
	Singapore (Teochew)	抑是
Wu	Shanghai	還是
Xiang	Loudi	還是

• (and): 而 (ér)

Compounds

• 冤抑
• 勒抑 (lèyì)
• 務本抑末／务本抑末
• 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
• 崇本抑末
• 平抑
• 怒不可抑
• 怨抑
• 悲不可抑
• 愊抑
• 抑且
• 抑制 (yìzhì)
• 抑制栽培
• 抑割
• 抑勒
• 抑塞
• 抑塞磊落
• 抑威餌敵／抑威饵敌
• 扶弱抑強／扶弱抑强
• 抑強扶弱／抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
• 抑惡揚善／抑恶扬善
• 抑或 (yìhuò)
• 抑抑
• 抑揚／抑扬 (yìyáng)
• 抑揚頓挫／抑扬顿挫 (yìyángdùncuò)
• 抑損／抑损
• 抑搔
• 抑是 (yìshì)
• 抑止 (yìzhǐ)
• 抑災／抑灾
• 抑遏
• 抑鬱／抑郁 (yìyù)
• 抑鬱寡歡／抑郁寡欢
• 掩抑
• 揚清抑濁／扬清抑浊
• 擠抑／挤抑
• 沉抑
• 諂上抑下／谄上抑下
• 謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì)
• 貶抑／贬抑 (biǎnyì)
• 遏抑 (èyì)
• 頓挫抑揚／顿挫抑扬
• 鬱抑／郁抑 (yùyì)

 

Japanese

Kanji

抑

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. suppress

Readings

• Go-on: おく (oku)
• Kan-on: よく (yoku, Jōyō)
• Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 抑える, Jōyō); そもそも (somosomo, 抑)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
抑
そもそも Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 抑 – see the following entry.

【そもそも】 [conjunction] in the first place, to begin with, (in a question) at all Alternative spellings 抑々, 抑も

(This term, 抑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

抑 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

抑: Hán Nôm readings: ức, ực

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.