未

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See also: 木, 夫, 末, 禾, and 耒
未 U+672A, 未
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672A
← 朩
[U+6729] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 末 →
[U+672B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character[edit]

未 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十木 (JD), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 509, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14419
  • Dae Jaweon: page 890, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+672A

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 未

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 未
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (未) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寐 *mids
魅 *mrɯds
鬽 *mrɯds
昧 *mɯːds
妹 *mɯːds
眛 *maːds, *mɯːds
沬 *maːds, *hmɯːds, *mɯds
未 *mɯds
味 *mɯds
鮇 *mɯds
菋 *mɯds

Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet)

Etymology[edit]

"not yet"
Fusion of negator 無 (OC *ma) with perfective particle 既 (OC *kɯds, “already”) (Jacques, 2000; similarly proposed by Pulleyblank, 1995, apud Schuessler, 2007).
"eighth earthly branch"
Smith (2011) proposes that this word denoted the waxing moon's "impending stage" before full moon. This word's early sense might be "tip" > "on the tipping point" if it could be connected to 末 (OC *maːd, “tip”), which is similar graphically and phonologically; though what morphological mechanism which can associate them two is unclear.
As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • muôi - vernacular;
  • ê - literary.
Note:
  • bē/bēr/bōe/běr - vernacular;
  • bī - literary.
Note:
  • bhuê7 - “not; have not”;
  • bhi7 - one of the earthly branches.
Note:
  • 3mi - vernacular;
  • 3vi - literary.
Rime
Character 未
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 微 (21)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 無沸切
Baxter mj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mʉiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mʷɨiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/miuəiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mujH/
Li
Rong 		/miuəiH/
Wang
Li 		/mĭwəiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mwe̯iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mei6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 未 未
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wèi wèi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mjɨjH › ‹ mjɨjH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m[ə]t-s/ /*m[ə]t-s/
English not yet 8th earthly branch

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 未
Reading # 1/1
No. 12917
Phonetic
component 		未
Rime
group 		隊
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		未
Old
Chinese 		/*mɯds/
Notes 從屮從木與芔字同根，
陳獨秀雲木上加屮象幼枝

Definitions[edit]

未

  1. to have not; not yet
    未來／未来  ―  wèilái  ―  future [lit. have not come]
    我未睇本書。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我未睇本书。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 mei6 tai2 bun2 syu1. [Jyutping]
    I have not read the book.
  2. not
  3. † Alternative form of 味 (wèi)
  4. (Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet
    食飽未？／食饱未？ [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 baau2 mei6? [Jyutping]  ―  Are you full yet?
    你買咗未先？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你买咗未先？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 maai5 zo2 mei6 sin1? [Jyutping]
    First off, have you even bought it yet?
  5. eighth of twelve earthly branches
  6. lamb (羊) of Chinese zodiac

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不
Mandarin Beijing 不
Taiwan 不
Tianjin 不
Chengde 不
Tangshan 不
Cangzhou 不
Baoding 不
Shijiazhuang 不
Chifeng 不
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 不
Heihe 不
Qiqihar 不
Harbin 不
Jiamusi 不
Baicheng 不
Changchun 不
Tonghua 不
Shenyang 不
Dandong 不
Jinzhou 不
Dalian 不
Yantai 不
Yantai (Muping) 不
Qingdao 不
Lijin 不
Zhucheng 不
Jinan 不
Luoyang 不
Wanrong 不
Shangqiu 不
Yuanyang 不
Zhengzhou 不
Lingbao 不
Xinyang 不
Baihe 不
Xi'an 不
Baoji 不
Yinchuan 不
Tianshui 不
Lanzhou 不
Dunhuang 不
Xining 不
Hami 不
Ürümqi 不
Wuhan 不
Yichang 不
Xiangyang 不
Tianmen 不
Hong'an 不
Chengdu 不
Nanchong 不
Dazhou 不
Hanyuan 不
Xichang 不
Zigong 不
Chongqing 不
Guiyang 不
Zunyi 不
Bijie 不
Zhaotong 不
Dali 不
Kunming 不
Mengzi 不
Guilin 不
Liuzhou 沒, 不
Changde 不
Anqing 不
Xuzhou 不
Fuyang 不
Wuhu 不
Yangzhou 不
Lianyungang 不
Lianshui 不
Nanjing 不
Hefei 不
Nantong 不
Malaysia 不
Singapore 不
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔
Hong Kong 唔
Macau 唔
Taishan 唔
Dongguan 唔
Yangjiang 無
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇
Hepu (Shatian) 冇
Beihai 冇
Beihai (Nankang) 冇
Beihai (Yingpan) 冇
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔
Móng Cái 冇
Gan Nanchang 不
Lichuan 不
Pingxiang 毋
Jianning 唔
Hakka Meixian 唔
Xingning 唔
Huidong (Daling) 唔
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 唔
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 唔
Changting 唔
Shanghang 唔
Wuping 唔
Wuping (Pingyu) 唔
Liancheng 唔
Ninghua 唔, 不
Qingliu 唔
Yudu 唔
Ruijin 唔
Shicheng 唔
Shangyou (Shexi) 唔
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 毋
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 毋
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 毋
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 毋
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 毋
Huizhou Jixi 不
Shexian 不
Jin Taiyuan 不
Yangyuan 不
Datong 不
Xinzhou 不
Lishi 不
Linfen 不
Changzhi 不
Linhe 不
Jining 不
Hohhot 不
Erenhot 不
Pingshan 不
Zhangjiakou 不
Handan 不
Linzhou 不
Suide 不
Northern Min Jian'ou 伓, 𣍐
Songxi 唔, 𣍐
Zhenghe 唔, 𣍐
Pucheng (Shibei) 伓, 𣍐
Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓, 𣍐
Changle 伓, 𣍐
Lianjiang 伓, 𣍐
Fuqing 伓, 𣍐
Pingtan 伓, 𣍐
Yongtai 伓, 𣍐
Minqing 伓, 𣍐
Gutian 伓, 𣍐
Pingnan 伓, 𣍐
Luoyuan 伓, 𣍐
Fu'an 伓, 𣍐
Ningde 伓, 𣍐
Xiapu 伓, 𣍐
Zherong 伓, 𣍐
Shouning 伓, 𣍐
Zhouning 伓, 𣍐
Fuding 伓, 𣍐
Matsu 伓, 𣍐
Southern Min Xiamen 毋, 𣍐, 無
Xiamen (Tong'an) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Quanzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
Jinjiang 毋, 𣍐, 無
Nan'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
Shishi 毋, 𣍐, 無
Hui'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
Anxi 毋, 𣍐, 無
Yongchun 毋, 𣍐, 無
Dehua 毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Hua'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
Nanjing 毋, 𣍐, 無
Pinghe 毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangpu 毋, 𣍐, 無
Yunxiao 毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhao'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
Dongshan 毋, 𣍐, 無
Taipei 毋, 𣍐, 無
Kaohsiung 毋, 𣍐, 無
Tainan 毋, 𣍐, 無
Kinmen 毋, 𣍐, 無
Penang (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Singapore (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Manila (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
Datian 毋, 𣍐
Chaozhou 唔, 𣍐, 無
Shantou 唔, 𣍐, 無
Jieyang 唔
Haifeng 唔
Singapore (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
Batam (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
Pontianak (Teochew) 唔
Leizhou 伓
Wenchang 無
Haikou 無
Singapore (Hainanese) 無
Puxian Min Putian 伓, 𣍐
Xianyou 伓, 𣍐
Central Min Yong'an 伓, 𣍐
Shaxian 伓, 𣍐
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 冒, 唔
Guangze 唔
Jiangle 唔
Mingxi 唔
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冇
Wu Shanghai 勿
Shanghai (Chongming) 弗, 勿
Suzhou 弗
Wuxi 弗
Danyang 弗
Hangzhou 不
Ningbo 勿, 嘸沒
Wenzhou 不
Lishui 弗
Qingyuan 否
Jinhua 弗
Xiang Changsha 不, 唔
Loudi 不
Shuangfeng 不

Coordinate terms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (未):
  • → Japanese: 未(み) (mi); 未(び) (bi)
  • → Korean: 미(未) (mi)
  • → Vietnamese: vị (未)

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: Mùi

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

未

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
未
ひつじ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

From 羊 (hitsuji, “sheep”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

未(ひつじ) • (Hitsuji) 

  1. the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
未
み
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 未 (mjɨjH).

Prefix[edit]

未(み) • (mi-) 

  1. un-; in- (not yet)

Proper noun[edit]

未(み) • (Mi) 

  1. the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 未 (MC mj+jH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (in 미안 (未安, mian)):
  • (not; un-; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [미(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

未 (eumhun 아닐 미 (anil mi))

  1. Hanja form? of 미 (“not; un-; in- (not yet)”).
  2. Hanja form? of 미 (“to have not; not yet”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

未: Hán Nôm readings: mùi, vị

  1. chữ Hán form of Mùi (“eighth of the twelve earthly branches”).
    Hypernyms: 地支, 十二支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥
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