柔

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柔 U+67D4, 柔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67D4
← 染
[U+67D3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柕 →
[U+67D5]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

柔 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹木 (NHD), four-corner 17904, composition ⿱矛木)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 519, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14622
  • Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1192, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+67D4

Chinese[edit]

trad. 柔
simp. # 柔

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
堥 *muː, *mu
蓩 *muːʔ, *moːɡ
猱 *ml'uː, *mljiwʔ, *ml'us
茅 *mruː
罞 *mruː, *muːŋ
蝥 *mruː, *mu, *mo, *moɡs
鶜 *mruː
瞀 *moːɡs, *mroːɡ
愗 *moːɡs
袤 *mus
雺 *mus, *mu, *muːŋ, *muːŋs
懋 *mus
楙 *mus
矛 *mu
蟊 *mu
髳 *mu, *muːŋ
鍪 *mu
鞪 *mu, *moːɡ
糅 *ml'us
腬 *ml'us, *mlju
柔 *mlju
揉 *mju
蹂 *mju, *mjuʔ, *mjus
鍒 *mju
騥 *mju
蝚 *mju
葇 *mju, *mjuʔ
鞣 *mju, *mjus
鰇 *mju
瑈 *mju
鶔 *mju
楺 *mjuʔ
煣 *mjuʔ, *mjus
輮 *mjuʔ, *mjus
韖 *mjuʔ
敄 *moʔ, *mos
務 *moɡs
鶩 *moɡs, *moːɡ
騖 *moɡs
婺 *moɡs
霚 *moɡs, *moːŋ
嵍 *moɡs
霧 *moɡs, *moːŋ
霿 *moːŋ, *moːŋs
楘 *moːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlju) : phonetic 矛 (OC *mu) + semantic 木 (“tree”) – wood soft enough that it can easily be cut.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “meat”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

“ronto-”
Phono-semantic matching of English ronto-. Coined by the China National Committee for Terminology in Science and Technology and the State Administration for Market Regulation on World Metrology Day in 2023 (20 May 2023).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 柔
Mandarin Beijing /ʐou³⁵/
Harbin /ʐou²⁴/
Tianjin /iou⁴⁵/
/ʐou⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʐou⁴²/
Qingdao /iou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐou⁴²/
Xi'an /ʐou²⁴/
Xining /ʐɯ²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʐəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʐou⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
Chengdu /zəu³¹/
Guiyang /zəu²¹/
Kunming /ʐəu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /ʐɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zəu¹¹/
Pingyao /ʐəu¹³/
Hohhot /ʐəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zɤ²³/
Suzhou /zɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /zei²¹³/
Wenzhou /jɤu³¹/
Hui Shexian /iu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /iəu¹³/
Xiangtan /iəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /iu¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐu²¹/
Nanning /jɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /jɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ieu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iu²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /zĩu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ziu²¹³/
Rime
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 耳由切
Baxter nyuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵɨu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵiu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑiəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵuw/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiu/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		róu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		róu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyuw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*nu/
English soft

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
No. 8825
Phonetic
component 		矛
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		柔
Old
Chinese 		/*mlju/

Definitions[edit]

柔

  1. soft; supple
  2. to soften
  3. gentle; pliant
  4. to make gentle
  5. (～州) Short for 柔佛 (Róufó, “Johor”).
  6. [from 2023] (Mainland China) ronto- (SI unit prefix)
    Synonym: 絨／绒 (róng) (Taiwan)

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (柔):
  • → Japanese: 柔(じゅう) (jū)
  • → Korean: 유(柔) (yu)
  • → Vietnamese: nhu (柔)

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

SI prefix
Last Next
攸/幺 絨/柔／绒/柔 匱/虧／匮/亏

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

柔

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
柔
じゅう
Grade: S
kan’on

/d͡ʑɨu/ → /d͡ʑuː/ → /ʑuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC nyuw).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ←ぢう (diu)?

  1. gentle, soft, supple
  2. calm, gentle, mild, peaceful
  3. calm, relieve, soften
  4. martial art involving gentleness, such as jujitsu or judo
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Noun[edit]

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ←じう (ziu)?

  1. gentleness, softness, suppleness; also, such an object
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
柔
にゅう
Grade: S
goon

/nɨu/ → /ɲuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC nyuw).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

柔(にゅう) • (nyū) ←にう (niu)?

  1. gentle, supple, weak
  2. kindhearted
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
柔
やわ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
和

/jaɸa/ → /jawa/

Possibly a back-formation of 柔柔 (yawayawa, “soft, supple”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

柔(やわ) • (yawa) ←やは (yafa)?-na (adnominal 柔(やわ)な (yawa na), adverbial 柔(やわ)に (yawa ni))

  1. weak
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
柔
やわ(ら)
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 柔 – see the following entry: 柔ら

(The following entry is uncreated: 柔ら.)

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

柔 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

柔: Hán Nôm readings: nhu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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