相

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See also: 租
相 U+76F8, 相
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F8
← 盷
[U+76F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盹 →
[U+76F9]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character[edit]

相 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木月山 (DBU), four-corner 46900, composition ⿰木目)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 800, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23151
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1216, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2470, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+76F8

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 相

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.

Etymology[edit]

An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).

Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • siong/siang - literary;
  • saⁿ/sio/sa - vernacular;
  • siuⁿ/sioⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 相思).
Note:
  • siang1 - literary;
  • sio1/siê1 - vernacular (siê1 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息良切
Baxter sjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/siaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/sĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]aŋ/
English mutually

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
No. 13579
Phonetic
component 		相
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		襄
Old
Chinese 		/*slaŋ/

Definitions[edit]

相

  1. to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself
    相女婿  ―  xiāng nǚxù  ―  assess the suitability of a prospective son-in-law or husband
  2. mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another
    相望  ―  xiāngwàng  ―  to look at each other
    相逢  ―  xiāngféng  ―  to meet by chance
  3. together; jointly
  4. successively; one after another
  5. towards; to
  6. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • soeng3-2 - “photo; picture”.
Note:
  • lhiang1* - “photo; picture”.
Note:
  • siòng/siàng - literary;
  • siùⁿ/siòⁿ/siàuⁿ - vernacular.
Note:
  • siang3 - literary;
  • sion3/siên3 - vernacular (siên3 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息亮切
Baxter sjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/siaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/sĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]aŋ-s/
English appearance, quality

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
No. 13586
Phonetic
component 		相
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		相
Old
Chinese 		/*slaŋs/

Definitions[edit]

相

  1. to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe
  2. looks; appearance; features
    長相／长相  ―  zhǎngxiàng  ―  facial features
  3. posture; bearing
    站相  ―  zhànxiàng  ―  standing posture
  4. demeanour; manners
    吃相  ―  chīxiàng  ―  table manners
  5. photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 c; 幅 c)
    影幾張相／影几张相 [Cantonese]  ―  jing2 gei2 zoeng1 soeng3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to take a few pictures
  6. phase; exterior; stage; period
  7. (physics) phase
    相空間／相空间  ―  xiàngkōngjiān  ―  phase space
    相位  ―  xiàngwèi  ―  phase
    月相  ―  yuèxiàng  ―  lunar phase
  8. (geology) facies
  9. to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features
  10. physiognomy; practice of physiognomy
  11. to choose; to pick
  12. to assist; to help; to oversee
  13. (Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)
  14. (historical) Chancellor of State
  15. (xiangqi) minister (on the red side)
  16. (historical) master of ceremonies
  17. (historical) attendant
  18. to administer; to govern
  19. to teach; to instruct
  20. a person who guides or leads a blind person
  21. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 照片 (“photograph”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 照片, 相片
Mandarin Beijing 相片兒
Taiwan 相片
Jinan 相片, 照片, 相片兒, 照片兒
Luoyang 相片兒
Wanrong 相片兒
Xi'an 相片兒
Ürümqi 相片子
Wuhan 相片子, 相片, 相
Chengdu 相片
Guilin 相片
Yangzhou 照片, 小照
Hefei 相片
Singapore 照片
Dagudi (Maliba) 相片
Reshuitang (Longling) 相片
Mae Salong (Lancang) 相片
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 相片
Cantonese Guangzhou 相片, 相
Hong Kong 相
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 相
Taishan 相
Taishan (Guanghai) 相片, 相
Kaiping (Chikan) 相
Yangjiang 相
Rongxian 相片
Hepu (Lianzhou) 相片
Hepu (Shatian) 相片
Beihai 相片
Beihai (Nankang) 相片
Beihai (Yingpan) 相片
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 相片
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 相片
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 相片
Ipoh (Guangfu) 相
Singapore (Guangfu) 相片, 相
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 相片
Móng Cái 相片
Mandalay (Taishan) 相片
Bangkok (Guangfu) 相片
Betong (Rongxian) 相片
Gan Nanchang 相片, 相片子
Hakka Meixian 相片
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 相片, 寫真
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 相片, 寫真
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 相片, 寫真
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 相片, 寫真
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 相片, 寫真
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 相片, 寫真, 寫真相
Hong Kong 相片
Jin Taiyuan 相片子, 照相片
Northern Min Jian'ou 相, 相片
Eastern Min Fuzhou 相, 相片
Matsu 相片
Southern Min Xiamen 像片, 相, 小影, 影
Quanzhou 像片, 影
Zhangzhou 影
Taipei 相片, 寫真
Penang (Hokkien) 小影
Singapore (Hokkien) 像
Manila (Hokkien) 像
Chaozhou 相
Shantou 相片, 相
Jieyang 小影, 相, 相片
Bangkok (Teochew) 相片
Chiang Mai (Teochew) 相
Hat Yai (Teochew) 小影, 相片
Singapore (Teochew) 像
Pontianak (Teochew) 相
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 相
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 相片
Wu Shanghai 照相, 照片, 寫真
Suzhou 照, 照片
Wenzhou 照相
Xiang Changsha 相片子, 相片, 相
Shuangfeng 相片子, 相片
Coordinate terms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

相

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. mutual, reciprocal, with one another
  2. appearance, look

Readings[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang); compare Mandarin 相 (xiāng):

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH); compare Mandarin 相 (xiàng):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
相
あい
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
【あい】
[prefix] mutual, together, each other
[prefix] used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness
(This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
相
こもごも
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
【こもごも】
[adverb] alternating; one after another
[adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
Alternative spellings
交々, 交, 更
(This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
相
さが
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

相(さが) • (saga) 

  1. nature, personality
  2. fate, destiny
  3. a habit, custom, or practice
  4. the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
相
しょう
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 相 (“together, with”), from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

相(しょう) • (-shō) ←しゃう (syau)?

  1. minister of state
    首(しゅ)相(しょう)
    shushō
    prime minister
    内(ない)相(しょう)
    naishō
    minister of the interior
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
相
そう
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

相(そう) • (sō) ←さう (sau)?

  1. appearance, how something looks
  2. an aspect of something
    大(だい)自(し)然(ぜん)の色々(いろいろ)な相(そう)
    daishizen no iroiro na sō
    various aspects of nature
  3. (grammar) grammatical aspect
  4. (physics) a phase, as of matter
  5. (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang, “mutual; together”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (Yale: syàng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 서르 샤ᇰ[2] Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syàng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.[1]
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 서ᄅᆞ 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. ^ Identical eumhun in Gwangju Cheonjamun and Sinjeung Yuhap.
  2. ^ 本平聲 [Level tone]

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

相 (eumhun 서로 상 (seoro sang))

  1. Hanja form? of 상 (“mutual; together”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH, “appearance”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (Yale: syáng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄌᆡ〯샤ᇰ〮[1] 샤ᇰ〮 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (syáng) (Yale: syáng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 졍승[2] 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. ^ 宰相 [Chancellor of State]
  2. ^ 政丞 [Minister]

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

相 (eumhun 바탕 상 (batang sang))

  1. Hanja form? of 상 (“looks; appearance”).
  2. Hanja form? of 상 (“minister of state”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

相: Hán Nôm readings: tương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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