究

究 U+7A76, 究 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A76 ← 穵 [U+7A75] CJK Unified Ideographs 穷 → [U+7A77]

Translingual

Han character

究 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十金大弓 (JCKN), four-corner 3041₇, composition ⿱穴九)

Derived characters

• 㙀, 𭝄, 𢭕, 𣵇, 𫕂, 𭦒, 𣒔, 𤲏, 𭾶, 𥦚, 𥤿, 𥧖, 𰩞, 𥨶

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 862, character 24
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25409
• Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2718, character 5
• Unihan data for U+7A76

Chinese

trad.		究
simp. #		究

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 究
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	*kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽	*krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹	*ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kus) : semantic 穴 (“cave”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiū, jiù

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ, ㄐㄧㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
• Gan (Wiktionary): jiu⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): giu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): giu⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): giéu
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiù

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giu³

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵cieu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
    • Wade–Giles: chiu¹
    • Yale: jyōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
    • Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
    • Yale: jyòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gau³
    • Yale: gau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: jiu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiu³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: giu
    • Hakka Romanization System: giu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /gi̯u⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: giu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kiu⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: giéu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɛu²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiù
    • Tâi-lô: kiù
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiux
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiu²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiu²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiu¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiu²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giu³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiu²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵cieu
    • MiniDict: cieu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jieu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɤ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: kjuwH

Rime
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居祐切
Baxter	kjuwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨuH/
Pan Wuyun	/kiuH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəuH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuwH/
Li Rong	/kiuH/
Wang Li	/kĭəuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯uH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u(ʔ)-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kus/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiū
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuwH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k](r)u(ʔ)-s/
English	scrutinize; go to the end
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
No.	6942
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	救
Old Chinese	/*kus/

Definitions

究

1. to reach the end or limit; to exhaust
2. to study intensively; to research

   Synonym: 研 (yán)

3. to investigate; to scrutinise

   翻刻必究 [Classical Chinese]  ―  fānkè bì jiū [Pinyin]  ―  We will go after unauthorized reproduction.

4. after all; actually; in fact

Compounds

• 一探究竟
• 不究
• 不講究／不讲究
• 作業研究／作业研究
• 個案研究／个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
• 刨根究底 (páogēnjiūdǐ)
• 學究／学究 (xuéjiū)
• 學究天人／学究天人
• 學術研究／学术研究
• 尋根究底／寻根究底 (xúngēnjiūdǐ)
• 尋究／寻究
• 探個究竟／探个究竟
• 探究 (tànjiū)
• 推究 (tuījiū)
• 搜根究底
• 有講究／有讲究
• 村學究／村学究
• 查究 (chájiū)
• 根究 (gēnjiū)
• 歸根究柢／归根究柢 (guīgēnjiūdǐ)
• 沒講究／没讲究
• 深究 (shēnjiū)
• 當官追究／当官追究
• 盤究／盘究
• 看個究竟／看个究竟
• 研究 (yánjiū)
• 研究員／研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
• 研究室
• 研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
• 研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
• 研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
• 究問／究问
• 究心
• 究查
• 究治
• 究理
• 究究
• 究詰／究诘
• 究辦／究办
• 究竟 (jiūjìng)
• 窮根究底／穷根究底 (qiónggēnjiūdǐ)
• 窮究／穷究
• 細究／细究 (xìjiū)
• 終究／终究 (zhōngjiū)
• 老學究／老学究 (lǎoxuéjiū)
• 考究
• 討究／讨究
• 該究／该究
• 講究／讲究
• 追根究柢 (zhuīgēnjiūdǐ)
• 追究 (zhuījiū)
• 闡究／阐究
• 體究／体究

 

Japanese

Kanji

究

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. research

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
• Kun: きわめる (kiwameru, 究める, Jōyō); きわまる (kiwamaru, 究まる)

Korean

Hanja

究 (eumhun 연구할 구 (yeon'guhal gu))

1. Hanja form^? of 구 (“examine, investigate”).

Compounds

• 연구 (硏究, yeon'gu, “research”)

Vietnamese

Han character

究: Hán Nôm readings: cứu

1. to search, to examine

Compounds

• 查究 (tra cứu)
• 研究 (nghiên cứu)
• 研究生 (nghiên cứu sinh)
• 究察 (cứu xét)
• 究竟 (cứu cánh)
• 考究 (khảo cứu)
• 追究 (truy cứu)