胸
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Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
胸 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月心山大 (BPUK), four-corner 77220, composition ⿰月匈)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 981, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29442
- Dae Jaweon: page 1432, character 32
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2070, character 1
- Unihan data for U+80F8
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 胸 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 胸 | |
| 2nd round simp. | 匈 | |
| alternative forms | 胷 匈 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 胸 | |
|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
|
|
Originally written 匈. Now ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰoŋ) : semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 匈 (OC *qʰoŋ, “chest”).
Etymology[edit]
Unclear. Noting that Middle Chinese *x- could have arisen from voiceless *r̥-, Schuessler (2007) considers it either connected to Chepang रुङः (ruŋʔ, “breastbone, center of chest”) or from Austroasiatic (compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *-ruŋ (“to shield, to protect”) > Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) > Old Khmer [script needed] (drooŋ, “ribcage, chest, breast”) > Khmer ទ្រុង (trung, “cage”); related to 籠 (OC *roːŋ, “cage, coop”)).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
胸
Synonyms[edit]
- (chest): 心口 (xīnkǒu), 懷抱／怀抱 (huáibào), 胸部 (xiōngbù), 胸膛 (xiōngtáng), (literary) 胸坎 (xiōngkǎn), (Leizhou Min) 乳符
- (breast):
- (mind):
- 內心／内心 (nèixīn)
- 寸心 (cùnxīn) (literary)
- 心上 (xīnshàng)
- 心中 (xīnzhōng)
- 心內／心内 (Hakka, Hokkien)
- 心地 (xīndì)
- 心坎 (xīnkǎn)
- 心曲 (xīnqū) (literary)
- 心田 (xīntián)
- 心窩／心窝 (xīnwō) (figurative, poetic)
- 心窩子／心窝子 (xīnwōzi) (figurative, poetic)
- 心裡／心里 (xīnlǐ)
- 心頭／心头 (xīntóu)
- 心骨 (xīngǔ) (literary)
- 意下 (yìxià) (literary)
- 私心 (sīxīn)
- 肚子 (figurative)
- 肚裡／肚里 (dùlǐ)
- 肺肝 (fèigān) (literary)
- 胸中 (xiōngzhōng) (literary)
- 胸坎 (xiōngkǎn) (literary)
- 腹 (figurative)
Compounds[edit]
- 人工氣胸／人工气胸
- 低胸 (dīxiōng)
- 健胸
- 兜胸
- 劈胸
- 大胸肌
- 小胸肌
- 心胸 (xīnxiōng)
- 心胸狹窄／心胸狭窄 (xīnxiōngxiázhǎi)
- 怒氣填胸／怒气填胸 (nùqì tián xiōng)
- 成竹在胸
- 打胸廝撞／打胸厮撞
- 批胸
- 抹胸 (mòxiōng)
- 拍胸脯 (pāixiōngpú)
- 抬頭挺胸／抬头挺胸
- 挺胸
- 挺胸凸肚
- 挺胸疊肚／挺胸叠肚
- 挺起胸膛
- 捶胸 (chuíxiōng)
- 捶胸跌腳／捶胸跌脚
- 捶胸跌足
- 捶胸頓腳／捶胸顿脚
- 捶胸頓足／捶胸顿足
- 搔耳捶胸
- 摧胸破肝
- 攀胸
- 擴胸器／扩胸器
- 昂首挺胸
- 束胸 (shùxiōng)
- 氣夯胸脯／气夯胸脯
- 氣滿填胸／气满填胸
- 氣胸／气胸 (qìxiōng)
- 穿胸
- 粉頸酥胸／粉颈酥胸
- 義憤填胸／义愤填胸
- 胸中有數／胸中有数
- 胸中柴棘
- 胸中無數／胸中无数
- 胸中甲兵
- 胸像 (xiōngxiàng)
- 胸前
- 胸口 (xiōngkǒu)
- 胸圍／胸围 (xiōngwéi)
- 胸坎 (xiōngkǎn)
- 胸大肌 (xiōngdàjī)
- 胸宇
- 胸廓 (xiōngkuò)
- 胸廝撞／胸厮撞
- 胸懷／胸怀 (xiōnghuái)
- 胸有丘壑
- 胸有定見／胸有定见
- 胸有成竹 (xiōngyǒuchéngzhú)
- 胸有甲兵
- 胸椎 (xiōngzhuī)
- 胸次
- 胸無城府／胸无城府 (xiōngwúchéngfǔ)
- 胸無大志／胸无大志 (xiōngwúdàzhì)
- 胸無宿物／胸无宿物
- 胸無點墨／胸无点墨 (xiōngwúdiǎnmò)
- 胸甲 (xiōngjiǎ)
- 胸管
- 胸罩 (xiōngzhào)
- 胸肌 (xiōngjī)
- 胸脊
- 胸脯 (xiōngpú)
- 胸腔 (xiōngqiāng)
- 胸腹
- 胸腺 (xiōngxiàn)
- 胸膈
- 胸膜 (xiōngmó)
- 胸膛 (xiōngtáng)
- 胸膜炎 (xiōngmóyán)
- 胸臆 (xiōngyì)
- 胸花
- 胸衣
- 胸襟 (xiōngjīn)
- 胸部 (xiōngbù)
- 胸部停球
- 胸針／胸针 (xiōngzhēn)
- 胸章
- 胸骨 (xiōnggǔ)
- 胸鰭／胸鳍 (xiōngqí)
- 膿胸／脓胸 (nóngxiōng)
- 袒胸
- 袒胸露背 (tǎnxiōnglùbèi)
- 護胸／护胸
- 跌腳搥胸／跌脚捶胸
- 酥胸 (sūxiōng)
- 鋪胸納地／铺胸纳地
- 隆胸 (lóngxiōng)
- 雞胸／鸡胸 (jīxiōng)
- 靠胸貼肉／靠胸贴肉
- 頓足捶胸／顿足捶胸
- 鬼行胸臆
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 胸 |
| むな Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] Possibly the original form of mune below.
The first edition of the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten says that this is cognate with 棟 (muna, “main roofline, roof ridge”), from the underlying idea of central or main portion.[2] However, see Etymology 2.
Possibly also related with 空, 虚 (muna, “emptiness, void”), from the idea of cavity.
Seldom used in isolation even in Old Japanese. Only found as the first element of compounds in modern Japanese.[1][3]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- chest, breast
- 711–712, Kojiki, (Kamitsumaki (“First Volume”)):
- 奴婆多麻能 久路岐美祁斯遠 / 麻都夫佐尓 登理與曾比 / 淤岐都登理 牟那美流登岐 / 波多多藝母 許禮婆布佐波受 / 幣都那美 曾迩奴岐宇弖
- ぬばたまの くろきみけしを / まつぶさに とりよそひ / おきつとり むなみるとき / はたたぎも これはふさはず / へつなみ そにだきうて
- nubatama no kuroki mikeshi o / matsubusa ni toriyosohi / oki tsu tori muna miru toki / hatatagi mo kore wa fusawazu / he tsu nami so ni dakiute
- I put on black iris-seed garments with schisandra, and though I fluff up my garments like when the ocean birds look at their chests, I say this is not good and I cast them off into the sea's waves...
- 奴婆多麻能 久路岐美祁斯遠 / 麻都夫佐尓 登理與曾比 / 淤岐都登理 牟那美流登岐 / 波多多藝母 許禮婆布佐波受 / 幣都那美 曾迩奴岐宇弖
- heart, inner thoughts
Derived terms[edit]
- 胸当て (munāte): a bib: a cloth covering the chest to protect from dirt or food
- 胸当て錐 (munātegiri): a breast drill, gimlet, or awl, with a flat end for pushing with the chest
- 胸板 (munaita): “chest board” → the flat area of the chest; a part of the breastplate in traditional Japanese armor
- 胸繋, 鞅 (munagai): part of riding tack, a cord or strap running around the chest and through the 四緒手 (shiode, “tie-downs”) on the front of the saddle
- 鞅 (munakaki): older form of munagai above
- 胸金物 (muna kanamono): metal fittings on the 胸板 (munaita, “breastplate”)
- 胸勘定 (muna kanjō): thinking in one's head to figure something out before doing it
- 胸糞 (muna kuso): “chest shit” → a bad feeling, a strong dislike
- 胸倉, 胸座 (munagura): the area where the collar of a kimono or other robe overlaps in front
- 胸苦しい (munagurushii): a feeling of uncomfortable pressure in the chest, as when anxious or distressed
- 胸黒 (munaguro): “black breast” → Pluvialis fulva, the Pacific golden plover
- 胸気 (munake): unpleasant and upsetting
- 胸毛 (munage): chest hair
- 胸先 (muna saki): the solar plexus, the area just below the sternum
- 胸騒ぎ (muna sawagi): “chest noise” → uneasiness, foreboding
- 胸算 (munazan): thinking in one's head to figure something out before doing it
- 胸算用 (munazan'yō): thinking in one's head to figure something out before doing it
- 胸簾 (muna sudare): “chest screen” → the ribs
- 胸底 (muna soko): the bottom of one's heart, one's innermost thoughts
- 胸高 (munadaka): tying one's 帯 (obi, “sash”) high on one's chest instead of at the waist
- 胸乳 (munachi): breast, boob
- 胸突き (munatsuki): a steep slope, as on a hill or mountain
- 胸突き八丁 (munatsuki hatchō): a very steep street or path; the last hard push before reaching a goal
- 胸尽くし (munazukushi): the bottom of the chest, the area just below the sternum
- 胸積り (munazumori): thinking in one's head to figure something out before doing it
- 胸づわらし (munazuwarashi): very sad or uneasy in a way that makes one's chest constrict
- 胸鬚 (muna hige): “chest beard” → chest hair
- 胸紐 (muna himo): a cord across the chest for holding a kimono or haori closed
- 胸鰭 (munabire): “chest fin” → pectoral fin
- 胸骨 (munabone): the breastbone, the sternum
- 胸元, 胸許 (munamoto): the chest; the area in front of the chest
- 胸焼け (munayake): heartburn (indigestion)
- 胸分く (munawaku): to push through bushes or scrub using one's chest, to bushwhack
- 胸分け (munawake): pushing through bushes or scrub using one's chest, bushwhacking; the breadth of the chest
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 胸 |
| むね Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *munay. The apophony is similar to the phonetic process observed in the shift from 神 (kamu, “spirit, god”, older form used in compounds) to 神 (kami, newer form, used as a standalone noun); see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.
Alternatively, may be a compound of 身 (mu, “body”) + 根 (ne, “root”). Other theories have been suggested.[4]
The first edition of the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten says that this is cognate with 棟 (mune, “main roofline, roof ridge”) and 宗, 旨 (mune, “gist, main idea, primary part”), from the underlying idea of central or main portion.[2] However, the accent of 胸 (mune) in the Heian period is HL,[4] while the accent of 棟 (mune) is HH.[5] This suggests that they may not be directly related.
Notably, 棟 and 宗 also have an older reading muna that is only used in compounds (for 宗, possibly only in place names). Meanwhile, 旨 (mune) (Heian HH[6]) appears in The Tale of Genji of circa 1001-1004, and this reading is used as a standalone noun rather than in compounds. This is consistent with other nouns that have paired vowel forms, and suggests that muna is probably the original form, and that the compound derivation is a folk etymology.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- chest, breast
- heart, inner thoughts
- 胸の中の熱い思い
- mune no naka no atsui omoi
- the passion in one's heart
- 胸の中の熱い思い
- bosom, breasts
- 彼女はどんな服を着ても胸が目立ちます。
- Kanojo wa donna fuku o kite mo mune ga medachimasu.
- No matter what clothes she wears, her chest always stands out.
- 彼女はどんな服を着ても胸が目立ちます。
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 胸が騒ぐ (mune ga sawagu): “one's chest is noisy” → to be unsettled, to be uneasy
- 胸を貸す (mune o kasu) “lend a chest” → a more powerful person partners with a less powerful person, such as for practicing
- 胸を借りる (mune o kariru) “borrow a chest” → a less powerful person partners with a more powerful person, such as for practicing
- 胸を撫で下ろす (mune o nadeorosu):
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “むな 【胸】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)
[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 “むね 【胸】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ^ “むね 【棟】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ^ “むね 【旨】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 胸 (MC xjowng). Recorded as Middle Korean 胷/휴ᇰ (hyung) (Yale: hyung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja[edit]
胸 (eumhun 가슴 흉 (gaseum hyung))
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
胸: Hán Nôm readings: hung, hông
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