膚

See also: 肤

膚 U+819A, 膚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-819A ← 膙 [U+8199] CJK Unified Ideographs 膛 → [U+819B]

Translingual

Han character

膚 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜心田月 (YPWB), four-corner 2122₇, composition ⿸虍胃)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 992, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29829
• Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 24
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2107, character 5
• Unihan data for U+819A

Chinese

trad.		膚
simp.		肤
alternative forms		肤 𦢚

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 膚
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (虍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
唬	*qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ
戲	*qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː
巇	*qʰra
隵	*qʰra
嚱	*qʰras
盧	*b·raː
鑪	*raː
壚	*raː
籚	*raː
蘆	*raː, *ra
顱	*b·raː
髗	*b·raː
鱸	*raː
攎	*raː
櫨	*raː
轤	*raː
黸	*raː
獹	*raː
鸕	*raː
艫	*raː
纑	*raː
瀘	*raː
瓐	*raː
爐	*raː
嚧	*raː
矑	*b·raː
罏	*raː
蠦	*raː
虜	*raːʔ
擄	*raːʔ
艣	*raːʔ
鐪	*raːʔ
虖	*qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
虍	*qʰaː
雐	*qʰʷlaː
虎	*qʰlaːʔ
琥	*qʰlaːʔ
萀	*qʰlaːʔ
臚	*b·ra
廬	*ra
驢	*b·ra
藘	*ra
爈	*ra, *ras
櫖	*ra, *ras
儢	*raʔ
慮	*ras
勴	*ras
鑢	*ras
濾	*ras
攄	*r̥ʰa
處	*kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas
豦	*kas, *ɡa
據	*kas
鐻	*kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ
澽	*kas, *ɡas
虛	*kʰa, *qʰa
墟	*kʰa
懅	*ɡa
蘧	*ɡa, *ɡʷa
籧	*ɡa
醵	*ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ
璩	*ɡa
虡	*ɡaʔ
遽	*ɡas
勮	*ɡas
噓	*qʰa, *qʰas
驉	*qʰa
歔	*qʰa
魖	*qʰa
膚	*pla
虧	*kʰʷral
噱	*ɡaɡ
臄	*ɡaɡ
劇	*ɡaɡ
諕	*qʰʷraːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肉 (“meat”) + abbreviated 盧 (“vessel; rice bowl”) — skin, which covers the innards like the exterior of a rice bowl.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r/j)a (“skin”) (STEDT). This form likely represents the root while 皮 (OC *bral) is its derivative with a voicing prefix, most likely PST *m-, found in several OC words for body parts like 鼻 (OC *m-bi[t]-s, “nose”), 肚 (OC *m-tˤaʔ, “belly”), 右 (OC *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s (~ *m-qʷəʔ), “right-hand”) and 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fū (fu¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fu¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fû
• Northern Min (KCR): hú
• Eastern Min (BUC): hŭ
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hu¹

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹fu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fū
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fu
    • Wade–Giles: fu¹
    • Yale: fū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fu
    • Palladius: фу (fu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fu¹
    • Yale: fū
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fu¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû
    • Hakka Romanization System: fu´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu
    • Tâi-lô: hu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hu³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ¹fu
    • MiniDict: fu^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹fu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fu⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: pju

Rime
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	甫無切
Baxter	pju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨo/
Pan Wuyun	/pio/
Shao Rongfen	/pio/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puə̆/
Li Rong	/pio/
Wang Li	/pĭu/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*pra/

  (Zhengzhang): /*pla/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fū
Middle Chinese	‹ pju ›
Old Chinese	/*pra/
English	skin
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膚
Reading #	1/1
No.	5275
Phonetic component	虍
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	跗
Old Chinese	/*pla/

Definitions

膚

1. skin

   • 膚如凝脂。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     肤如凝脂。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Fū rú níngzhī. [Pinyin]

     Her skin was like congealed ointment.

2. superficial; shallow
3. great
4. (alt. form 扶) ancient unit of length equal to the width of four fingers

Compounds

• 切膚／切肤 (qièfū)
• 切膚之痛／切肤之痛
• 剝膚／剥肤
• 剝膚椎髓／剥肤椎髓
• 剝膚錐髓／剥肤锥髓
• 噬膚／噬肤
• 完膚／完肤 (wánfū)
• 末學膚受／末学肤受
• 浹髓淪膚／浃髓沦肤
• 潤膚／润肤 (rùnfū)
• 炙膚皸足／炙肤皲足
• 皮膚／皮肤 (pífū)
• 皮膚炎／皮肤炎 (pífūyán)
• 皮膚甲錯／皮肤甲错
• 皮膚病／皮肤病 (pífūbìng)
• 皮膚癌／皮肤癌 (pífū'ái)
• 皮膚肌炎／皮肤肌炎 (pífūjīyán)
• 肌無完膚／肌无完肤
• 肌膚／肌肤 (jīfū)
• 肌膚之愛／肌肤之爱
• 肌膚之親／肌肤之亲 (jīfūzhīqīn)
• 膚公／肤公
• 膚功／肤功
• 膚受／肤受
• 膚如刻畫／肤如刻画
• 膚寸／肤寸
• 膚廓／肤廓
• 膚敏／肤敏
• 膚橈目逃／肤桡目逃
• 膚泛／肤泛
• 膚淺／肤浅 (fūqiǎn)
• 膚色／肤色 (fūsè)
• 膚見／肤见
• 膚革／肤革
• 身無完膚／身无完肤
• 身體髮膚／身体发肤
• 雞膚鶴髮／鸡肤鹤发
• 體無完膚／体无完肤 (tǐwúwánfū)
• 鹽膚木／盐肤木

 

Descendants

• → Thai: ผิว (pǐu)

Japanese

Kanji

膚

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
• Kan-on: ふ (fu, 膚)
• Kun: はだ (hada, 膚); はだえ (hadae, 膚)^{←はだへ (fadafe, はだへ, historical)}

Compounds

• 皮膚(ひふ) (hifu): skin
• 皮膚科(ひふか) (hifuka): dermatology
• 皮膚科医(ひふかい) (hifukai): dermatologist
• 皮膚(ひふ)病(びょう) (hifubyō): dermatosis, skin diseases
• 皮膚(ひふ)癌(がん) (hifugan): skin cancer

Etymology

Kanji in this term
膚
はだ Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 膚 – see the following entries.

【肌はだ】S [noun] human skin [noun] surface of an object [noun] temperament, nature

【はだえ】 [noun] skin Alternative spelling 肌

(This term, 膚, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 膚 (MC pju). Recorded as Middle Korean 부 (pwu) (Yale: pwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

膚 (eumhun 살갗 부 (salgat bu))

1. Hanja form^? of 부 (“skin”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 피부 (皮膚, pibu)
• 피부과 (皮膚科, pibugwa)
• 피부염 (皮膚炎, pibuyeom)
• 피부병 (皮膚病, pibubyeong)
• 피부색 (皮膚色, pibusaek)
• 피부암 (皮膚癌, pibuam)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]