良

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See also: 艮, 皀, 飠, 食, and 民
良 U+826F, 良
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-826F
← 艮
[U+826E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 艰 →
[U+8270]
良 U+F97C, 良
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97C
← 糧
[U+F97B] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 諒 →
[U+F97D]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character[edit]

良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))

  1. good, virtuous, respectable

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30597
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+826F

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 良
alternative forms
 
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𥭷

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 良
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (良) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
剆 *raːl, *raːlʔ
郎 *raːŋ
稂 *raːŋ
桹 *raːŋ
鋃 *raːŋ
硠 *raːŋ
浪 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
蜋 *raːŋ, *raŋ
琅 *raːŋ
狼 *raːŋ
欴 *raːŋ
踉 *raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs
莨 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
艆 *raːŋ
駺 *raːŋ
躴 *raːŋ
筤 *raːŋ
閬 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
哴 *raːŋ, *raŋs
蓈 *raːŋ
廊 *raːŋ
榔 *raːŋ, *raːŋʔ
螂 *raːŋ
瑯 *raːŋ
朗 *raːŋʔ
朖 *raːŋʔ
誏 *raːŋʔ
俍 *raːŋʔ
崀 *raːŋʔ
埌 *raːŋs
蒗 *raːŋs
娘 *naŋ
良 *raŋ
粮 *raŋ
悢 *raŋs

Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • liông/liâng - literary;
  • niû - vernacular.
Rime
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 呂章切
Baxter ljang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/liaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		liáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		liáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]aŋ/
English good

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
No. 8046
Phonetic
component 		良
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*raŋ/
Notes 甲金文象宮外兩邊有廊爲廊初文，
王侍從常在廊，
遂稱之良或郎得貴官義

Definitions[edit]

良

  1. good; fine; well
  2. good; virtuous; respectable
  3. good person; virtuous person
  4. (literary) innate; inherent; natural
  5. very; very much; quite
  6. (literary) really; certainly; surely
  7. (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband
  8. a surname: Liang
  9. (Catholicism) Leo (papal name)
Synonyms[edit]
  • (good, fine):
Dialectal synonyms of 好 (“good”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 好, 良, 善, 佳
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 好, 良好, 美好, 佳
Mandarin Beijing 好, 強
Taiwan 好
Jinan 好, 賽, 強
Xi'an 好, 嫽
Wuhan 好, 傲
Chengdu 好
Yangzhou 好
Hefei 好, 㜺
Singapore 好
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 㜺
Hong Kong 好
Taishan 好
Yangjiang 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好
Gan Nanchang 好
Hakka Meixian 好, 㜺
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 好
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 好
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 好
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 好
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 好
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 好
Jin Taiyuan 好
Northern Min Jian'ou 好
Eastern Min Fuzhou 好
Southern Min Xiamen 好
Tainan 好
Penang (Hokkien) 好
Singapore (Hokkien) 好
Manila (Hokkien) 好
Chaozhou 好
Singapore (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Hainanese) 好
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 好
Wu Shanghai 好, 㜺, 靈, 嗲
Suzhou 好, 㜺
Wenzhou 好
Xiang Changsha 好
Shuangfeng 好
  • (very):

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

良

  1. Only used in 方良, alternative form of 魍魎／魍魉 (wǎngliǎng)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

良

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. good

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
良
りょう
Grade: 4
kan’on

Noun[edit]

良(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. (school mark) good, B
    数学(すうがく)の成績(せいせき)は良(りょう)だった
    sūgaku no seiseki wa ryō datta
    I got a B in math

Proper noun[edit]

良(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. a male given name

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 良 (MC ljang).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 랴ᇰ (Yale: lyàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 알 (Yale: al) 량 (Yale: lyang)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 어딜 (Yale: etil) 량 (Yale: lyang)
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 어딜 (Yale: etil) 냥 (Yale: nyang)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

良 (eumhun 어질 량 (eojil ryang), South Korea 어질 양 (eojil yang))

  1. Hanja form? of 양 (“good”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 량 (“good”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Old Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Phonogram[edit]

良 (*a)

  1. A syllabic phonogram denoting the syllable *a (generally not word-initial)

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

良 (*-a)

  1. The verbal and adjectival infinitive suffix.
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Korean: 어〮 (-é), 아〮 (-á)

Etymology 3[edit]

Particle[edit]

良 (*-a)

  1. in; at; on; locative case marker, attested primarily in hyangga poems
    • c. 750, 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa):
      一等隱枝良出古
      *HAton KACI-a NA-kwo
      even though they sprout on a single branch
Usage notes[edit]
  • First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
  • After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants[edit]
  • Old Korean: 良中 (*-akuy) (compounded with 中 (*-kuy))
    • Middle Korean: 에〮 (-éy)
      • Korean: 에 (-e)
See also[edit]
  • 中 (*-kuy) (locative case marker)
  • 矣 (*-uy) (locative case marker)
  • 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)

References[edit]

  • 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
  • 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
  • Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
  • Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

良: Hán Nôm readings: lương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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