虐

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虐 U+8650, 虐
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8650
← 虏
[U+864F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 虑 →
[U+8651]

虐 U+2F9B3, 虐
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B3
← 䕫
[U+2F9B2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 虜 →
[U+2F9B4]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

虐 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜心尸一 (YPSM), four-corner 21211, composition ⿸虍𰀂(GHTKV) or ⿸虍𰀄(J))

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32678
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2820, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8650

Chinese[edit]

trad. 虐
simp. # 虐
2nd round simp. 𰀂
alternative forms
 
𥤫
𩁿
䖋
䖈
𧆱
𥤫
𩁿
䖋
䖈
𧆱
𧆩
𧆧
𧆝
𫊞
䨋
𮓘
𣑅
𣑾

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 虐
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (虐) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
虐 *ŋawɢ
瘧 *ŋawɢ
謔 *hŋawɢ

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

Etymology[edit]

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980)。

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ieh4 - literary;
  • nieh4 - vernacular.
Note:
  • gio̍k/gia̍k - literary;
  • lio̍k/jio̍k, ge̍k - vernacular;
  • gio̍h - vernacular (e.g. 礙虐).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 虐
Mandarin Beijing /nyɛ⁵¹/
Harbin /iau⁵³/
/nyɛ⁵³/
Tianjin /niɑu⁵³/
/nye⁵³/
Jinan /yə²¹/
Qingdao /yə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /ȵyu²⁴/
Yinchuan /nye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
/miə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /nio²¹³/
Chengdu /nyo³¹/
Guiyang /nio²¹/
Kunming /nio³¹/
Nanjing /loʔ⁵/
Hefei /lyɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəʔ²/
Pingyao /ȵyʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /niaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiaʔ¹/
Suzhou /ȵiɑʔ³/
Hangzhou /ȵiɑʔ²/
Wenzhou /ȵa²¹³/
Hui Shexian /niɔ²²/
Tunxi /ȵio¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ȵio²⁴/
Xiangtan /ȵio²⁴/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /ŋiok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /nœk̚²²/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giɔk̚⁵/
/liɔk̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋyoʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋiɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋiak̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /niɔk̚³/
Rime
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 陽 (107)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 魚約切
Baxter ngjak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiak̚/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yuè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		joek6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nüè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ](r)awk/
English cruel

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
No. 9636
Phonetic
component 		虐
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		虐
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋawɢ/

Definitions[edit]

虐

  1. cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
  2. to abuse; to maltreat
  3. (literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 虐
Kyūjitai
[1][2]
虐󠄁
虐+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
虐󠄃
虐+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

虐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “虐”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital)

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 악 (ak) based on Middle Chinese 虐 (MC ngjak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

虐 (eum 모질 학 (mojil hak))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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