衰

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衰 U+8870, 衰
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8870
← 衯
[U+886F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 衱 →
[U+8871]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

衰 (Kangxi radical 145, 衣+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜田一女 (YWMV), four-corner 00732, composition ⿴衣⿻口一 or ⿳亠⿻口一𧘇 or ⿻哀一)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1112, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34127
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1577, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3076, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+8870

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 衰
alternative forms 𠆏
𠆂
𠱗

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 衰
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (衰) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蓑 *sloːl, *sluːl
缞
衰 *sʰrol, *srul
榱 *srul

Pictogram (象形) — a piece of clothing made from palm fibers to be used as a raincoat (original form of 蓑) (Ji Xusheng, 2004).

Etymology 1[edit]

Compare Khmer រៀវ (riəw, “to diminish; to decrease”), Mizo zuai (“to decline (in diligence, enthusiasm, industry, etc.)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 衰
Mandarin Beijing /ʂuai⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂuai⁴⁴/
/suai⁴⁴/
Tianjin /suai²¹/
Jinan /ʂuɛ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂuɛ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʂuai²⁴/
Xi'an /fai²¹/
Xining /fɛ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂuɛ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /fɛ³¹/
Ürümqi /ʂuai⁴⁴/
/fai⁴⁴/
Wuhan /suai⁵⁵/
Chengdu /suai⁵⁵/
Guiyang /suai⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʂuæ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʂuae³¹/
Hefei /ʂue̞²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /suai¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡sʰuæ¹³/
/suæ¹³/
Hohhot /suɛ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /se⁵³/
Suzhou /se̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /se̞³³/
Wenzhou /sai³³/
Hui Shexian /sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /so¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕyai³³/
Xiangtan /sai³³/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /soi⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /soi²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /søy⁵³/
Nanning /sui⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /søy⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sue⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /søy⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /so⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /sue³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /suai²³/
/sɔi²³/ ～弱
/sue²³/ 倒霉
Rime
Character 衰
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 脂 (18)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 所追切
Baxter srwij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠiuɪ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃʷᵚi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃiuɪ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂjwi/
Li
Rong 		/ʃjui/
Wang
Li 		/ʃwi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂwi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shuāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		seoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 衰
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shuāi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ srwij ›
Old
Chinese 		/*sruj/
English diminish, decline

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 衰
Reading # 2/2
No. 11927
Phonetic
component 		衰
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		衰
Old
Chinese 		/*srul/

Definitions[edit]

衰

  1. to grow weak; to decrease in strength; to decline
    未老先衰  ―  wèilǎoxiānshuāi  ―  to decline in health before becoming old
  2. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to have bad luck
    人衰行路打倒褪 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    jan4 seoi1 haang4 lou6 daa2 dou2 tan3 [Jyutping]
    when luck is bad, you can’t even walk straight
    衰足五年 [Cantonese]  ―  seoi1 zuk1 ng5 nin4 [Jyutping]  ―  had five years of completely bad luck
  3. (Cantonese, Hakka) bad; detestable; awful
    咁衰㗎！ [Cantonese]  ―  gam3 seoi1 gaa4! [Jyutping]  ―  That's awful!
    咁衰都有！ [Cantonese]  ―  gam3 seoi1 dou1 jau5! [Jyutping]  ―  How can it be this awful!
    做衰嘢 [Cantonese]  ―  zou6 seoi1 je5 [Jyutping]  ―  to do bad things
    衰人 [Cantonese]  ―  seoi1 jan4 [Jyutping]  ―  bad person
    衰婆 [Cantonese]  ―  seoi1 po4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  bitch
  4. (Cantonese) to make a grave mistake
    我衰咗啦！ [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 seoi1 zo2 laa1! [Jyutping]  ―  I've made a mistake!
    今次唔可以再衰㗎喇！ [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    gam1 ci3 m4 ho2 ji5 zoi3 seoi1 gaa3 laa3! [Jyutping]
    (We) can’t screw it up anymore this time
    我衰咗三年，我等緊個機會，爭返口氣。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我衰咗三年，我等紧个机会，争返口气。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    From: 1986, 《英雄本色》 (“A Better Tomorrow”)
    ngo5 seoi1 zo2 saam1 nin4, ngo5 dang2 gan2 go3 gei1 wui6, caang1 faan1 hau2 hei3. [Jyutping]
    I had suffered three years of bad luck, I’m waiting for my turn to get everything back. (In context: spent three years in jail)
  5. (Cantonese, transitive) to mess up (something); to be caught for (wrongdoing)
    你衰咩呀？ [Cantonese]  ―  nei5 seoi1 me1 aa3? [Jyutping]  ―  What did you do wrong?
    我衰邊範啫？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    我衰边范啫？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 seoi1 bin1 faan6 ze1? [Jyutping]
    What’s my wrongdoing/offence (often with legal implications)?
    衰十一 [Cantonese]  ―  seoi1 sap6 jat1 [Jyutping]  ―  to get caught for sex with a minor
    衰販毒／衰贩毒 [Cantonese]  ―  seoi1 faan3 duk6 [Jyutping]  ―  to get caught for drug trafficking
  6. (Cantonese) to suffer from faulty personality traits or habits, or commit minor faults with moderate to significant consequences.
    都係我衰心軟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    都系我衰心软。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dou1 hai6 ngo5 seoi1 sam1 jyun5. [Jyutping]
    I had been too kind-hearted/forgiving.
    成日衰遲到。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    成日衰迟到。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    seng4 jat6 seoi1 ci4 dou3. [Jyutping]
    He messes up all the time for being late.
    我就係衰在太靚仔。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我就系衰在太靓仔。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 zau6 hai6 seoi1 zoi6 taai3 leng3 zai2. [Jyutping]
    My wrong is being too handsome.
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 倒霉 (“unlucky; out of luck”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 倒霉, 倒運, 晦氣, 背運, 背時
Mandarin Taiwan 倒霉, 背運, 晦氣
Harbin 背興
Yantai (Muping) 倒霉
Jinan 倒霉
Luoyang 倒霉
Wanrong 倒灶
Xi'an 倒霉
Yinchuan 倒灶, 背時, 背運
Ürümqi 倒運
Wuhan 背時, 倒運, 點子低, 背九一
Chengdu 背時, 倒灶, 背時倒灶
Liuzhou 背時, 倒灶, 衰
Xuzhou 背時, 倒灶
Yangzhou 晦氣
Singapore 倒霉
Cantonese Guangzhou 衰, 行衰運, 黑, 當黑, 運滯, 倒霉
Hong Kong 衰, 行衰運, 當衰, 黑, 當黑, 黑仔, 運滯
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 當衰
Macau 滯運, 黑
Guangzhou (Panyu) 運滯, 衰
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 衰
Guangzhou (Conghua) 衰
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 運滯
Foshan 運滯, 衰
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 倒霉, 運滯
Foshan (Shunde) 衰
Foshan (Sanshui) 衰, 運滯
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 失運
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 滯運
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 衰
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 行衰運
Zhuhai (Doumen) 滯運, 衰
Jiangmen (Baisha) 衰
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 衰
Taishan 衰, 衰來, 黑, 黑頸, 滯運, 倒霉
Kaiping (Chikan) 衰
Enping (Niujiang) 衰
Heshan (Yayao) 唔夠運
Dongguan 當衰, 運滯
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 衰
Singapore (Guangfu) 衰
Gan Nanchang 倒霉, 倒運, 背時
Lichuan 倒灶
Pingxiang 背時
Hakka Meixian 衰
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 衰, 倒運
Dongguan (Qingxi) 衰
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 衰
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 衰
Conghua (Lütian) 衰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 衰, 衰漦
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 衰, 衰漦
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 衰, 衰漦
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 衰, 衰漦
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 衰, 衰漦
Huizhou Jixi 倒霉, 倒運, 倒灶, 背時
Jin Taiyuan 倒運, 背時
Xinzhou 背興
Northern Min Jian'ou 衰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 衰, 倒運, 倒灶, 騎背
Southern Min Xiamen 衰, 衰䆀, 衰潲, 衰神, 衰運, 落衰, 歹字運, 歹運, 拍觸衰
Quanzhou 衰, 衰䆀, 衰潲, 衰運, 歹字運, 歹運, 拍觸衰
Zhangzhou 衰, 衰䆀, 衰潲, 衰運, 落衰, 䆀字運, 拍觸衰
Tainan 衰, 衰䆀, 衰潲, 衰尾, 落衰, 歹運
Penang (Hokkien) 衰, 衰潲
Singapore (Hokkien) 衰
Manila (Hokkien) 衰, 衰潲, 衰䆀, 歹命, 歹運, 歹字運
Shantou 衰
Jieyang 衰, 唔利市
Singapore (Teochew) 衰
Leizhou 衰
Haikou 衰
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 滯運
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 衰
Wu Shanghai 倒霉, 觸霉頭, 晦氣
Shanghai (Chongming) 霉, 觸霉頭, 霉氣, 背時, 背霉
Shanghai (Jiading) 觸霉頭, 倒運
Shanghai (Songjiang) 触霉頭
Suzhou 触霉頭
Wuxi 触霉頭
Hangzhou 倒霉, 倒運, 倒灶
Shaoxing 倒灶
Ningbo 倒運, 晦氣
Lishui 倒灶
Jinyun 倒楣, 倒灶
Jinhua 倒霉, 霉運, 倒灶, 倒運
Xiang Changsha 背時
Loudi 背時, 倒霉
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 惡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 壞
Mandarin Beijing 壞, 賴
Taiwan 壞
Jinan 壞, 孬, 賴
Xi'an 瞎, 壞
Wuhan 壞, 拐
Chengdu 壞
Yangzhou 壞
Hefei 壞
Malaysia 壞
Singapore 壞
Cantonese Guangzhou 壞, 弊, 衰
Hong Kong 壞, 衰
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 衰
Yangjiang 壞
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 衰
Singapore (Guangfu) 衰
Gan Nanchang 壞
Hakka Meixian 壞
Wuhua (Meilin) 衰
Jin Taiyuan 賴, 壞
Northern Min Jian'ou 壞, 獰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 呆, 否
Southern Min Xiamen 歹, 䆀
Xiamen (Tong'an) 歹
Quanzhou 歹
Jinjiang 歹
Nan'an 歹
Shishi 歹
Zhangzhou 䆀
Zhao'an 䆀, 孬
Tainan 歹
Penang (Hokkien) 䆀, 歹
Singapore (Hokkien) 歹
Manila (Hokkien) 歹
Datian 歹
Chaozhou 孬
Shantou 孬
Jieyang 孬, 歹
Singapore (Teochew) 歹, 孬
Leizhou 㾀
Wenchang 㾀
Haikou 㾀
Singapore (Hainanese) 㾀
Wu Shanghai 壞, 恘
Suzhou 壞, 恘
Ningbo 歪, 推扳, 嘸做
Wenzhou 毛
Xiang Changsha 壞, 拐
Shuangfeng 壞, 拐
Antonyms[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of "Cantonese: disagreeable"): 好 (hou2)
See also[edit]
  • (Cantonese: disagreeable): 曳 (jai5), 惡／恶 (ok3)

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → English: suay
  • → Indonesian: soe
  • → Thai: ซวย (suai)

Etymology 2[edit]

Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *k-sroi, treating it as 衰 (OC *srui) (etymology 1) with the initial *k.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 衰
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 支 (14)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 楚危切
Baxter tsrhjwe
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠiuᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰʷᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiuɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰjwiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰjue/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰǐwe/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰwie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chuāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ceoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 衰
Reading # 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cuī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhjwe ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]roj/
English reduce

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 衰
Reading # 1/2
No. 11926
Phonetic
component 		衰
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		衰
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰrol/

Definitions[edit]

衰

  1. † to reduce; to decrease in order

Etymology 3[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 衰
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 支 (14)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 楚危切
Baxter tsrhjwe
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠiuᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰʷᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiuɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰjwiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰjue/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰǐwe/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰwie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chuāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ceoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 衰
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cuī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshwoj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s.r̥]ˁruj/
English mourning clothes

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 衰
Reading # 1/2
No. 11926
Phonetic
component 		衰
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		衰
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰrol/

Definitions[edit]

衰

  1. Alternative form of 縗／缞 (cuī, “a type of mourning garment made of sackcloth”)
  2. (archaic, borrowing) Alternative form of 崔 (cuī, “a surname”)
    1. Used in 衰子/title for 崔杼. (As found in bronze pot inscription.)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 衰 – see 蓑 (“raincoat woven from straw or palm fiber; etc.”).
(This character is an ancient form of 蓑).

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

衰

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

衰 • (soe, choe, sa) (hangeul 쇠, 최, 사, revised soe, choe, sa, McCune–Reischauer soe, ch'oe, sa, Yale soy, choy, sa)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

衰: Hán Nôm readings: suy, thôi, thoai

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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