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U+8ECA, 車
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECA

[U+8EC9]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8ECB]
U+2F9E, ⾞
KANGXI RADICAL CART

[U+2F9D]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F9F]
U+F902, 車
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F902

[U+F901]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F903]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 159, +0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十田十 (JWJ), four-corner 50006, composition or )

  1. Kangxi radical #159, .

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1239, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38172
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1712, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3511, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8ECA

Chinese[edit]

trad.
simp. *
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • chhia (Southern Min)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that (OC *kaːns) and (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from (OC *kʰlja, *kla).

Etymology[edit]

Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (wagon; cart) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, vehicle; carriage) (<to support; to carry; to lift).

Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機老司机 (lǎosījī).

Pronunciation 1[edit]


Note:
  • ce1 - colloquial (incl. surname);
  • geoi1 - literary.
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Northern Min
  • Eastern Min
  • Southern Min
  • Note: ki - surname.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (24)
    Final () (100)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter tsyhae
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /t͡ɕʰia/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /t͡ɕʰia/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /t͡ɕʰia/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /cʰia/
    Li
    Rong
    /t͡ɕʰia/
    Wang
    Li
    /t͡ɕʰĭa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /t͡ɕʰi̯a/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    chē
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    ce1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    chē
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ tsyhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[t.qʰ](r)A/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 1311
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kʰlja/

    Definitions[edit]

    人力三輪

    1. (countable) land vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: m;  m c;  m mn;  c;  mn;  mn-t)
        ―  chē  ―  car
        ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      沒有 [MSC, trad.]
      没有 [MSC, simp.]
      Jiē shàng yī liàng chē dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
      There is not even one car on the street.
      [Cantonese, trad.]
      [Cantonese, simp.]
      heoi3 ce1 hong4-2 maai5 san1 ce1 [Jyutping]
      to buy a new car at a car dealership
    2. wheeled device, appliance, instrument or apparatus
        ―  huáchē  ―  pulley
        ―  fǎngchē  ―  spinning wheel
    3. machine; rig; engine; motor; locomotive; tractor; truck; lorry (Classifier: m;  m)
        ―  shìchē  ―  to test a new machine
    4. (Cantonese) driving (action of operating a vehicle); driving skills (Classifier: c)
    5. to lathe
    6. to lift water using a 水車水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
    7. (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Northern Min, Southern Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle
      可以地鐵站 [Cantonese, trad.]
      可以地铁站 [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 ho2 m4 ho2 ji5 ce1 ngo5 heoi3 dei6 tit3 zaam6 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Can you drive me to the MTR station?
    8. to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
      [Cantonese]  ―  ce1 saam1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sew clothes with a sewing machine
    9. (Cantonese) to hit violently
      [Cantonese, trad.]
      [Cantonese, simp.]
      daai6 baa1 daai6 baa1 ce1 lok6 keoi5 faai3 min6 dou6 [Jyutping]
      to hit his face with multiple violent slaps
    10. (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.)
    11. (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn
    12. (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content
    13. Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle.
    14. a surname
    Usage notes[edit]
    • (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
        ―  chē  ―  car
        ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      自行自行  ―  zìxíngchē  ―  bicycle
      嬰兒婴儿  ―  yīng'érchē  ―  pram
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (vehicle):
    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]


    Note: gu1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (22)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter kjo
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kɨʌ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kiɔ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kiɔ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kɨə̆/
    Li
    Rong
    /kiɔ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kĭo/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ki̯wo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    geoi1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kjo ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*C.q(r)a/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 1315
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kla/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. (xiangqi) chariot; rook (Classifier: c)
    2. (chess) rook
    Coordinate terms[edit]
    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (しゃ) (sha)
    • Korean: 차(車) (cha), 거(車) (geo)
    • Vietnamese: xa ()

    Others:

    • Vietnamese: xe (, wheeled vehicle)
    • Zhuang: ci (vehicle)

    See also[edit]

    Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
    ♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
    (wáng),
    國王国王 (guówáng)
    (hòu),
    皇后 (huánghòu)
    (),
    城堡 (chéngbǎo)
    (xiàng),
    主教 (zhǔjiào)
    (),
    騎士骑士 (qíshì)
    (bīng)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. vehicle

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    しゃ
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC tsyhae).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Counter[edit]

    (しゃ) (-sha

    1. used to count vehicles

    Affix[edit]

    (しゃ) (sha

    1. vehicle
      (かん)(こく)(しゃ)
      Kankoku-sha
      South Korean vehicle
    2. train car
      Synonym: 車両
      (じょ)(せい)(せん)(よう)(しゃ)
      josei-sen'yō-sha
      car for women only

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    くるま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling .[1]

    Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, to spin (as in thread)), (kuru, hinge), くるくる (kurukuru, spinningly, round and round), 転めく (kurumeku, to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy)) +‎ (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (くるま) (kuruma (counter )

    1. a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
    2. a wheel, a caster
    3. something wheel-shaped
    4. a style of (mon, family crest)
    5. short for various terms:
      1. short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn
      2. short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
      3. short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
      4. short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
      5. short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
    6. (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four (monme) and three (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Descendants[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^
      c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 694:
      , text here
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
    • Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC tsyhae).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 (Yale: chyà)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 又音 (Yale: chyà)
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) (cha)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 수레 (sure cha))

    1. Hanja form? of (car; automobile; vehicle).
    2. Hanja form? of (cart; wheeled machinery).
    Usage notes[edit]

    This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC kjo).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 (Yale: )
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 술위〮 (Yale: swùlGwúy) (Yale: )
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) (geo)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    (eumhun 수레 (sure geo))

    1. (only in compounds) Hanja form? of (cart; wheeled machinery).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (く゚るまー) (kurumā

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (くるま) (kuruma

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (くるま) (kuruma

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Nôm readings: xa, xe, xế

    1. a car
    2. (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.

    Compounds[edit]

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (くるま) (kuruma

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Etymology[edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (くるま) (kuruma

    1. car
    2. wheel