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See also:
U+9152, 酒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152

[U+9151]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9153]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 164, +3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition )

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1281, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese[edit]

trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp. 氿
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意): (water) + (an alcoholic drink vessel) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic (water, liquid) + phonetic (OC *luʔ).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (liquor) (STEDT). Cognate with (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation[edit]



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (13)
Final () (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter tsjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡siuX/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡siəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡suwX/
Li
Rong
/t͡siuX/
Wang
Li
/t͡sĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/t͡si̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zau2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiǔ
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsjuwX ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsuʔ/
English wine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 15554
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions[edit]

  1. alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
    幹嗎干吗  ―  Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ?  ―  How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
  2. (Cantonese) banquet (Classifier: c)
  3. a surname

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (しゅ) (shu)
  • Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
  • Vietnamese: tửu ()

Others:

  • Indonesian: ciu

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
さけ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨sake2/sakəɨ//sake/

From Old Japanese (sake2),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling .[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2] This is the standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, to flourish).[3][4]
  • Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, to ward off, to shun), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[4]
  • Might be derived from or a corruption of (kushi, rice wine, rice vodka, sake); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[4]
  • The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese (ki1).[4]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さけ) (sake

  1. (impolite) any alcoholic beverage
  2. (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
  3. drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
さか
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese (saka).[1] Likely the original form of sake above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さか) (saka

  1. Combining form of (sake, any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
ささ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally women's word) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally bamboo leaves), as (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[7][5]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(ささ) (sasa

  1. (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
しゅ
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC tsjuwX).

Noun[edit]

(しゅ) (shu

  1. an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]

Affix[edit]

(しゅ) (shu

  1. alcoholic drink
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Frellesvig, Bjarke; Stephen Wright Horn; et al. (eds.) (2023), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. ^ ”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 酒/さけ”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, Etymology Derivation Dictionary) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  7. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese (MC tsjuwX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] (Yale: swùl) 쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
  • (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (sul ju))

  1. Hanja form? of (alcoholic beverage). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
さき
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese (sake).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さき) (saki

  1. any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, to flourish).
  • Might be derived from 避く (saku, to ward off, to shun), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
  • The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of (ki1).

Noun[edit]

(sake2) (kana さけ)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Japanese: (sake)

Etymology 2[edit]

Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun[edit]

(saka) (kana さか)

  1. Combining form of (sake2, any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “From Proto-Japonic *ki?”

Noun[edit]

(ki1) (kana )

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, strange, wondrous, miraculous), which is also the root for modern (kusuri, medicine).[1]

Noun[edit]

(kusi) (kana くし)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
    • 711–712, Kojiki, (poem 32):
      [2]
      許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
      ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo waga mi1-ki1 narazu kusi no2 kami1 to2ko2yo2 ni imasu ipa tatasu...
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

: Hán Việt readings: tửu ((tử)(dậu)(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tửu (alcoholic beverage).
  2. Nôm form of rượu (rice alcohol).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]