雅

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雅 U+96C5, 雅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C5
← 雄
[U+96C4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 集 →
[U+96C6]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

雅 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4 in Chinese, 隹+5 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一竹人土 (MHOG), four-corner 70214, composition ⿰牙隹)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1365, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41973
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4094, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+96C5

Chinese[edit]

trad. 雅
simp. # 雅

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
邪 *ljaː, *laː
衺 *ljaː
牙 *ŋraː
芽 *ŋraː
齖 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀 *ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅 *ŋraːʔ
厊 *ŋraːʔ
庌 *ŋraːʔ
訝 *ŋraːs
迓 *ŋraːs
砑 *ŋraːs
犽 *ŋraːs
疨 *hŋraː
岈 *hŋraː
谺 *hŋraː
颬 *hŋraː
鴉 *qraː
釾 *laː

Etymology 1[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 雅 – see 鴉 (“crow; raven”).
(This character is a variant form of 鴉).

Etymology 2[edit]

Schuessler (2007) leaves its etymology as unknown, yet mentions that it has been suggested to be related to 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) (e.g. by Wang Yinzhi apud Zhi, 2004), etc.), a proposal also supported by Baxter & Sagart (2014).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ngée - vernacular;
  • ngá - literary.
Rime
Character 雅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五下切
Baxter ngaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋaɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ŋaX/
Wang
Li 		/ŋaX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngaa5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 雅 雅
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǎ yǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngæX › ‹ ngæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-ɢˁraʔ/ /*[N-ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English proper, refined kind of musical instrument

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 雅
Reading # 1/1
No. 14182
Phonetic
component 		牙
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		雅
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋraːʔ/

Definitions[edit]

雅

  1. (literary) standard; proper; correct
  2. elegant; graceful; refined
  3. (polite) your; your esteemed; your gracious
  4. (literary) friendship; companionship
  5. (literary) usually; often
  6. (literary) very much; extremely
  7. a section in the Classic of Poetry consisting of dynastic hymns
  8. † standard language (usually used in titles of ancient Chinese dictionaries such as the Erya)
  9. (Teochew) pretty; beautiful
  10. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
  • (pretty):
Dialectal synonyms of 漂亮 (“good-looking; beautiful; pretty”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 漂亮, 好看, 美, 美麗, 美觀, 佳
Mandarin Beijing 好看, 漂亮, 俊
Taiwan 好看, 漂亮
Tianjin 好看, 漂亮
Tangshan 好看
Cangzhou 好看, 漂亮, 俊
Baoding 好看, 漂亮
Shijiazhuang 好看
Chifeng 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 好看, 漂亮
Harbin 好看, 漂亮, 俊, 美
Shenyang 美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Yantai (Muping) 俊
Qingdao 漂亮, 俊
Jinan 好看, 漂亮, 俊, 俊巴, 美
Luoyang 好看, 漂亮, 美, 標緻
Wanrong 好看
Zhengzhou 漂亮, 標緻, 好看, 齊整
Xi'an 美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 嫽, 排場, 心疼
Yinchuan 美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊
Lanzhou 好看, 漂亮, 美, 俊
Xining 好看, 標緻, 俊, 秀溜
Ürümqi 美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 翠活
Wuhan 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 體面, 寧馨, 標, 媌, 刮氣, 美
Chengdu 好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖, 抻展
Chongqing 美, 好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖
Guiyang 抻透, 抻展, 好看, 漂亮, 秀氣
Kunming 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Guilin 漂亮
Liuzhou 美, 好看, 漂亮, 靚2, 㜺
Xuzhou 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊, 冠冕, 辦事
Yangzhou 美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
Nanjing 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
Hefei 美, 漂亮, 好看, 格式, 排場
Nantong 好看, 漂亮
Singapore 美, 好看, 漂亮, 美麗
Cantonese Guangzhou 靚2, 好睇, 好樣
Hong Kong 靚2, 好睇
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 靚2
Macau 靚2
Guangzhou (Panyu) 靚2
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 靚2
Guangzhou (Conghua) 靚2
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 靚2
Foshan 靚2
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 靚2
Foshan (Shunde) 靚2
Foshan (Sanshui) 靚2
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 靚2
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 靚2
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 靚2
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 靚2
Zhuhai (Doumen) 靚2
Jiangmen (Baisha) 靚2
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 靚2
Taishan 靚2
Kaiping (Chikan) 靚2
Enping (Niujiang) 靚2
Heshan (Yayao) 靚2
Dongguan 靚2, 好樣
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 靚2
Yangjiang 好看, 好樣, 靚2, 整齊
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 靚2
Penang (Guangfu) 靚2
Singapore (Guangfu) 靚2
Gan Nanchang 客氣, 好看, 漂亮, 齊整
Lichuan 好看
Pingxiang 好看, 客氣, 漂亮, 標緻, 標
Hakka Meixian 好看, 靚2, 靚3, 僐, 勁, 趣, 端, 標緻, 儒雅
Xingning 靚2
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 靚2
Huiyang 靚2
Huidong (Daling) 靚2
Dongguan (Qingxi) 靚2
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 靚2
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 靚2
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 靚2
Wuhua (Huacheng) 俏, 靚2
Wuhua (Changbu) 靚2
Wuhua (Mianyang) 靚3
Heyuan (Bendihua) 靚2
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 靚3
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 排場
Liannan 靚2
Conghua (Lütian) 靚2
Jiexi 靚2
Changting 靚3
Wuping 靚3
Wuping (Pingyu) 靚3
Liancheng 靚3
Ninghua 靚3
Yudu 標緻, 齊整
Ruijin 靚3
Shicheng 像, 標緻, 好看
Shangyou (Shexi) 靚2, 整, 標緻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 靚3
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 鬧, 靚3
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 靚3
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 靚3
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 靚3
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 靚3
Hong Kong 靚2
Luchuan 靚2
Senai (Huiyang) 靚2
Kuching (Hepo) 靚3
Huizhou Jixi 好看, 標緻, 漂亮
Shexian 好看, 漂亮
Jin Taiyuan 好看, 襲人, 客戲, 漂亮
Xinzhou 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 爽整, 襲人, 緻氣
Linhe 美, 襲人, 好看, 漂亮
Jining 好看, 襲人
Hohhot 好看, 襲人, 俊, 漂亮
Zhangjiakou 美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊
Handan 美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊俏, 俊
Northern Min Jian'ou 好覷, 雅式, 生得好
Eastern Min Fuzhou 俊, 生得好, 卓佳, 好看, 漂亮
Singapore (Fuqing) 俊
Southern Min Xiamen 媠, 好看
Xiamen (Tong'an) 媠, 俏
Quanzhou 媠, 媠靡, 㜅, 好看
Jinjiang 媠, 㜅
Shishi 媠
Anxi 媠
Zhangzhou 媠, 好看
Zhao'an 媠
Dongshan 媠
Taipei 媠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 媠
Kaohsiung 媠
Tainan 媠
Kinmen 媠
Penghu (Magong) 媠
Penang (Hokkien) 媠
Singapore (Hokkien) 媠, 俏
Manila (Hokkien) 媠, 好看, 㜅
Longyan 媠
Pingnan (Shangdu) 靚2
Chaozhou 雅, 好睇
Shantou 雅, 媠, 好睇
Shantou (Chenghai) 雅, 媠
Shantou (Chaoyang) 雅
Jieyang 雅, 媠, 如雅
Lufeng 媠, 生好
Haifeng 媠, 生好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 雅
Singapore (Teochew) 雅
Leizhou 清楚
Wenchang 靚4, 好望
Haikou 靚4, 靚2, 靚仔, 雅目, 都緻
Qionghai 靚4
Singapore (Hainanese) 靚4
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 靚2, 好覷
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 㜺, 靚2
Wu Shanghai 漂亮, 好看, 好看相, 標緻
Shanghai (Chongming) 標緻, 樣式, 登樣
Suzhou 好看, 標緻, 登樣, 漂亮
Danyang 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Hangzhou 好看, 漂亮
Ningbo 好看, 漂亮, 㜅, 㜅門, 㜅頭, 出格, 架勢, 細巧, 細相, 登樣
Wenzhou 好覷, 生好, 骨切
Jinhua 好望, 俏, 漂亮
Xiang Changsha 好看, 漂亮, 腆靦, 乖
Loudi 漂亮
Shuangfeng 好看, 漂亮
Descendants[edit]
Sino-Xenic (雅):
  • → Japanese: 雅(が) (ga)
  • → Korean: 아(雅) (a)
  • → Vietnamese: nhã (雅)

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • “雅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Duffus, William (1883) “beautiful”, in English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow, Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press, page 19
  • Zhi, C. (2004). "From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity" in Early China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14(3), 185–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188470

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 雅
Kyūjitai
[1]
雅󠄂
雅+&#xE0102;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
雅󠄄
雅+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

雅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. gracious
  2. elegant
  3. graceful
  4. refined

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
雅
が
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 雅 (ngæX, “elegant”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

雅(が) • (ga) -na (adnominal 雅(が)な (ga na), adverbial 雅(が)に (ga ni))

  1. elegant
Inflection[edit]
Inflection of 雅
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 雅だろ がだろ ga daro
Continuative (連用形) 雅で がで ga de
Terminal (終止形) 雅だ がだ ga da
Attributive (連体形) 雅な がな ga na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 雅なら がなら ga nara
Imperative (命令形) 雅であれ がであれ ga de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 雅ではない
雅じゃない 		がではない
がじゃない 		ga de wa nai
ga ja nai
Informal past 雅だった がだった ga datta
Informal negative past 雅ではなかった
雅じゃなかった 		がではなかった
がじゃなかった 		ga de wa nakatta
ga ja nakatta
Formal 雅です がです ga desu
Formal negative 雅ではありません
雅じゃありません 		がではありません
がじゃありません 		ga de wa arimasen
ga ja arimasen
Formal past 雅でした がでした ga deshita
Formal negative past 雅ではありませんでした
雅じゃありませんでした 		がではありませんでした
がじゃありませんでした 		ga de wa arimasen deshita
ga ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 雅で がで ga de
Conditional 雅なら（ば） がなら（ば） ga nara (ba)
Provisional 雅だったら がだったら ga dattara
Volitional 雅だろう がだろう ga darō
Adverbial 雅に がに ga ni
Degree 雅さ がさ gasa

Noun[edit]

雅(が) • (ga) 

  1. elegance
Antonyms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
雅
みやび
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 雅 – see the following entry.
【みやび】
[adjective] [from 720] courtly, elegant, refined, high-quality
[noun] [from 720] courtliness, elegance, refinement, high quality
(This term, 雅, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References[edit]

  1. ^ “雅”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

雅 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)

  1. elegant, neat, tidy

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

雅: Hán Nôm readings: nhã

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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