rupjš
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Latvian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- (dialectal form) rups
Etymology[edit]
From an earlier adjective *rupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard rupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the dialectal variant rups), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (whence also the adjective raupjš, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably “to pluck, to tear (e.g., wool, feathers)” > (adj.) “uneven, harsh” (skin, after removing wool, feathers) > “coarse, harsh.” Cognates include Lithuanian rupùs, Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”), Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”), rauf (“cracks, holes”), reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”), Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”), Latin rumpere (“to break”).[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)
- (of mixtures, powder-like substances) coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)
- rupja smilts, grants ― coarse sand, gravel
- rupji putraimi, milti ― coarse grits, flour
- rupjais sāls ― coarse salt
- rupjas aveņu ogas ― rough raspberries
- rupjas zvīņas ― coarse (fish) scales
- rupja maize, rupjmaize ― rye bread, brown bread (lit. coarse bread)
- (of nets, meshes) coarse (having relatively large holes)
- rupjš siets, tīkls ― coarse sieve, net
- (of files) rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)
- rupja vīle, rupjvīle ― rough file
- (of thread, yarn, hair, fur, also cloth) coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)
- rupjš diegs ― coarse, thick thread
- rupja dzija ― coarse, thick yarn
- rupja vilna ― coarse wool
- rupja adata ― coarse needle
- rupjš linu audums ― scrim (lit. coarse linen) cloth
- rupjš maiss, krekls, galdauts ― coarse bag, shirt, tablecloth
- rupjas zeķes ― coarse socks
- noslaucīties rupjā dvielī ― to dry oneself with (lit. in) a coarse towel
- aļņa ķermenis klāts ar biezu, rupju apmatojumu ― an elk's body is covered with thick, coarse hair
- (of grains) coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)
- rupja maluma milti ― rough, coarse grist flour (i.e., flour which contains chaff)
- (of skin, surfaces) rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface
- rokas man rupjas no darba ― my hands are harsh from work
- rupjš, pelēks papīrs ― harsh, gray paper
- rupjais apmetums ― coarse, harsh plaster
- aligators klāts ar rupju, grumbuļainu ādu ― the alligator is covered by a harsh, rugged skin
- (of objects) rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality
- šis rupjais dēļu šķirsts ― that rough, coarse wooden chest
- rupjais cirtums ― rough cutting, roughly cut surface
- (of sounds) coarse, hollow, low
- rupji smiekli ― coarse laughter
- rupja balss ― coarse, hollow, low voice
- rupjš, rejošs klepus ― coarse, barking cough
- (of people, their behavior) rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features
- Grīslis bija rupjš, nesaticīgs vīrs ― Grīslis was a rude, irritable man
- rupjš joks ― rude joke
- rupjš izteiciens ― harsh language
- rupja mute ― harsh, rude mouth
- rupji vārdi ― harsh, rude words
- rupjš cīņas paņēmiens ― tough, violent fighting technique
- rupja, netaktiska izturēšanās ― rude, tactless behavior
- (of errors, irregularities, etc.) gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)
- rupja kļūda ― gross, big mistake, blunder
- rupjš disciplīnas pārkāpums ― big breach of discipline
- rupjš apmelojums ― gross, shameless calumny, slander
- ticēt rupjiem meliem ― to believe gross, big lies
- (of work) harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)
- rupjais darbs ― harsh, tough work
Declension[edit]
indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of rupjš
| masculine (vīriešu dzimte) | feminine (sieviešu dzimte) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) |
singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) | ||||||
| nominative (nominatīvs) | rupjš | rupji | rupja | rupjas | |||||
| accusative (akuzatīvs) | rupju | rupjus | rupju | rupjas | |||||
| genitive (ģenitīvs) | rupja | rupju | rupjas | rupju | |||||
| dative (datīvs) | rupjam | rupjiem | rupjai | rupjām | |||||
| instrumental (instrumentālis) | rupju | rupjiem | rupju | rupjām | |||||
| locative (lokatīvs) | rupjā | rupjos | rupjā | rupjās | |||||
| vocative (vokatīvs) | — | — | — | — | |||||
Synonyms[edit]
Antonyms[edit]
- (antonym(s) of "of powder, grain, cloth"): smalks
- (antonym(s) of "of skin, surfaces"): gluds, mīksts, maigs
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “rupjš”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN