ŋ⁵⁵

A'ou

Alternative forms

• ŋ³⁵ (Hongfeng)

Noun

ŋ⁵⁵

1. (Hongfeng) water

References

• He Yancheng [何彦诚], Sketch of Hongfeng Gelao [红丰仡佬语概况], (2008, Minzu Yuwen), ABVD, explicitly noted as differing from Zhou's transcription (which was ŋ³⁵)

Pela

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ŋ⁵⁵/, [ŋ⁵⁵] ~ [ŋŋ̍⁵⁵]

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Jingpho ngu (“to say; quotative particle”), possibly via Zaiwa ngvu. Compare with Lhao Vo ein꞉.

Verb

ŋ⁵⁵

1. to say

   Synonym: ti̠³⁵

2. to think (that), to consider (that)

   Synonyms: mjɔt³¹, sɔn³⁵

   ŋa⁵⁵ ŋ³¹ ʒɛ³¹, jɔ̃³¹ njɔ̠̃³¹ na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵ ɛʔ⁵⁵ i³¹ nji³¹ kɔ̠n³¹ nau⁵¹ a³⁵.

   It seems to me (lit. I think) that he wants to have fun with us.

3. to be (thus)

   Synonym: ŋɔ̠t⁵⁵

   a³¹ su⁵⁵ a³¹ ŋ⁵⁵

   It is not like that.

Derived terms

• ŋ⁵⁵ jaŋ³¹ (“for; in order to”)

 

Etymology 2

Grammaticalised from Etymology 1.

Particle

ŋ⁵⁵

1. (used with a first person subject) quotative marker, similar to that in English

   ŋa⁵⁵ jɔ̃³¹ ʒɛ³¹ ja̠p⁵⁵ ta̠³¹ nə̆ vɛ³¹ ŋ³¹ tə̠i³⁵ vɛ³¹.

   I told him that I was already about to sleep.

   ŋa⁵⁵ a³¹ nɔ̃⁵⁵ pji³¹.njɛ³¹ a⁵⁵ lauʔ⁵¹ ŋ⁵⁵.

   I thought that it was you who graduates.

Usage notes

The verb of utterance is usually omitted. For quotations from someone else other than the current speaker, kɛ³⁵ is used instead.

• pɛ̠⁵⁵ tʃuŋ⁵¹ kɛ³¹ ɔ⁵¹? ― What did you say?

  jɔ̃³¹ na̠u̠ŋ⁵⁵ lai³¹ nə̆ vŭ ka̠³⁵ kɛ³¹. ― They say that they are already coming.

References

• Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)