στρυφνός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

No convincing etymology. Clearly reminiscent of στύφω (stúphō, “to astringe”). Perhaps it derives from the same root, influenced by στριφνός (striphnós, “firm, hard, solid”) or στρηνής (strēnḗs, “hard, harsh”). The comparison with Proto-West Germanic *strūb (“stiff, rough, bristly”), Lithuanian strùbas (“cut short, curtailed”) and Proto-Slavic *strupъ (“scab, crust of a wound”) is not semantically compelling and therefore uncertain.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /stry.pʰnós/ → /stryˈɸnos/ → /striˈfnos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /stry.pʰnós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /stryˈpʰnos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /stryˈɸnos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /stryˈfnos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /striˈfnos/

Adjective

στρῠφνός • (struphnós) m (feminine στρῠφνή, neuter στρῠφνόν); first/second declension

1. sour, bitter, harsh, astringent

   Synonym: στυφελός (stuphelós)

2. (figuratively) harsh, severe, austere

Inflection

First and second declension of στρῠφνός; στρῠφνή; στρῠφνόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		στρῠφνός struphnós	στρῠφνή struphnḗ	στρῠφνόν struphnón		στρῠφνώ struphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ struphnā́	στρῠφνώ struphnṓ		στρῠφνοί struphnoí	στρῠφναί struphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ struphná
Genitive		στρῠφνοῦ struphnoû	στρῠφνῆς struphnês	στρῠφνοῦ struphnoû		στρῠφνοῖν struphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν struphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν struphnoîn		στρῠφνῶν struphnôn	στρῠφνῶν struphnôn	στρῠφνῶν struphnôn
Dative		στρῠφνῷ struphnôi	στρῠφνῇ struphnêi	στρῠφνῷ struphnôi		στρῠφνοῖν struphnoîn	στρῠφναῖν struphnaîn	στρῠφνοῖν struphnoîn		στρῠφνοῖς struphnoîs	στρῠφναῖς struphnaîs	στρῠφνοῖς struphnoîs
Accusative		στρῠφνόν struphnón	στρῠφνήν struphnḗn	στρῠφνόν struphnón		στρῠφνώ struphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ struphnā́	στρῠφνώ struphnṓ		στρῠφνούς struphnoús	στρῠφνᾱ́ς struphnā́s	στρῠφνᾰ́ struphná
Vocative		στρῠφνέ struphné	στρῠφνή struphnḗ	στρῠφνόν struphnón		στρῠφνώ struphnṓ	στρῠφνᾱ́ struphnā́	στρῠφνώ struphnṓ		στρῠφνοί struphnoí	στρῠφναί struphnaí	στρῠφνᾰ́ struphná
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		στρῠφνῶς struphnôs				στρῠφνότερος struphnóteros				στρῠφνότᾰτος struphnótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• στρυφνότης (struphnótēs)
• στρυφνόω (struphnóō)

 

Further reading

• “στρυφνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “στρυφνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• στρυφνός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN