तोष

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit तोष (toṣa).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /t̪oːʂ/, [t̪oːʃ]

Noun

तोष • (toṣ) m

1. (formal) satisfaction, contentment, delight

   Synonyms: तृप्ति (tŕpti), तुष्टि (tuṣṭi), संतोष (santoṣ), संतुष्टि (santuṣṭi)

Declension

Declension of तोष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	तोष toṣ	तोष toṣ
oblique	तोष toṣ	तोषों toṣõ
vocative	तोष toṣ	तोषो toṣo

Further reading

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “तोष”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• Platts, John T. (1884) “तोष”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• তোষ (Assamese script)
• ᬢᭀᬱ (Balinese script)
• তোষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰝𑰺𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀢𑁄𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• တောၑ (Burmese script)
• તોષ (Gujarati script)
• ਤੋਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌤𑍋𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦠꦺꦴꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂞𑂷𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ತೋಷ (Kannada script)
• តោឞ (Khmer script)
• ໂຕຩ (Lao script)
• തോഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᢠᠣᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘝𑘻𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᢐᠣᠸᠠᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦽𑧜𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐟𑑀𑐲 (Newa script)
• ତୋଷ (Odia script)
• ꢡꣂꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆠𑆾𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖝𑖺𑖬 (Siddham script)
• තොෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩫𑩕𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚙𑚴 (Takri script)
• தோஷ (Tamil script)
• తోష (Telugu script)
• โตษ (Thai script)
• ཏོ་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒞𑒼𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨙𑨆𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tews-os. By surface analysis, तुष् (tuṣ, “to be satisfied”, root) +‎ -अ (-a).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /tɐw.ʂɐ/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈt̪oː.ʂɐ/

Noun

तोष • (toṣa) stem, m

1. satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, joy

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of तोष (toṣa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	तोषः toṣaḥ	तोषौ / तोषा¹ toṣau / toṣā¹	तोषाः / तोषासः¹ toṣāḥ / toṣāsaḥ¹
Vocative	तोष toṣa	तोषौ / तोषा¹ toṣau / toṣā¹	तोषाः / तोषासः¹ toṣāḥ / toṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	तोषम् toṣam	तोषौ / तोषा¹ toṣau / toṣā¹	तोषान् toṣān
Instrumental	तोषेण toṣeṇa	तोषाभ्याम् toṣābhyām	तोषैः / तोषेभिः¹ toṣaiḥ / toṣebhiḥ¹
Dative	तोषाय toṣāya	तोषाभ्याम् toṣābhyām	तोषेभ्यः toṣebhyaḥ
Ablative	तोषात् toṣāt	तोषाभ्याम् toṣābhyām	तोषेभ्यः toṣebhyaḥ
Genitive	तोषस्य toṣasya	तोषयोः toṣayoḥ	तोषाणाम् toṣāṇām
Locative	तोषे toṣe	तोषयोः toṣayoḥ	तोषेषु toṣeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: tosa
• Prakrit: 𑀢𑁄𑀲 (tosa)
• → Hindi: तोष (toṣ) (learned)
• → Tamil: தோஷம் (tōṣam) (learned)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “तोष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 456, column 1.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “tōṣa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press