दशम

See also: दशमी

Hindi

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /d̪ə.ʃəm/, [d̪ɐ.ʃɐ̃m]

Adjective

दशम • (daśam) (indeclinable) (ordinal number)

1. tenth

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দশম (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬰᬫ (Balinese script)
• দশম (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰫𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀰𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• ဒၐမ (Burmese script)
• દશમ (Gujarati script)
• ਦਸ਼ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑌶𑌮 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦯꦩ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂬𑂧 (Kaithi script)
• ದಶಮ (Kannada script)
• ទឝម (Khmer script)
• ທຨມ (Lao script)
• ദശമ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᠠᡧᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘫𑘦 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠠᠱᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧋𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐱𑐩 (Newa script)
• ଦଶମ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢯꢪ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆯𑆩 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖫𑖦 (Siddham script)
• දශම (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩿𑩴 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚧𑚢 (Takri script)
• த³ஶம (Tamil script)
• దశమ (Telugu script)
• ทศม (Thai script)
• ད་ཤ་མ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒬𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨮𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)

←  1	←  9	१० 10
		1
Cardinal: दश (daśa), दशन् (daśan)     Ordinal: दशम (daśama)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daćamás, from Proto-Indo-European *deḱm̥-Hó-s from *déḱm̥ (“ten”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬀 (dasəma), Persian دهم (dahom), Latin decimus.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dɐ.ɕɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ɐ.ɕɐ.mɐ/

Adjective

दशम • (daśamá) stem

1. tenth
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.184.3:

     हिरण्ययी अरणी यं निर्मन्थतो अश्विना ।
     तं ते गर्भं हवामहे दशमे मासि सूतवे ॥

     hiraṇyayī araṇī yaṃ nirmanthato aśvinā.
     taṃ te garbhaṃ havāmahe daśame māsi sūtave.

     That which the Twin Aśvins rub forth with the attrition-sticks of gold,—
     That embryo of thine we invocate, that in the tenth month thou mayst bear.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दशम (daśamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दशमः daśamáḥ	दशमौ / दशमा¹ daśamaú / daśamā́¹	दशमाः / दशमासः¹ daśamā́ḥ / daśamā́saḥ¹
Vocative	दशम dáśama	दशमौ / दशमा¹ dáśamau / dáśamā¹	दशमाः / दशमासः¹ dáśamāḥ / dáśamāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दशमम् daśamám	दशमौ / दशमा¹ daśamaú / daśamā́¹	दशमान् daśamā́n
Instrumental	दशमेन daśaména	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमैः / दशमेभिः¹ daśamaíḥ / daśamébhiḥ¹
Dative	दशमाय daśamā́ya	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमेभ्यः daśamébhyaḥ
Ablative	दशमात् daśamā́t	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमेभ्यः daśamébhyaḥ
Genitive	दशमस्य daśamásya	दशमयोः daśamáyoḥ	दशमानाम् daśamā́nām
Locative	दशमे daśamé	दशमयोः daśamáyoḥ	दशमेषु daśaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ī-stem declension of दशमी (daśamī)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दशमी daśamī	दशम्यौ / दशमी¹ daśamyau / daśamī¹	दशम्यः / दशमीः¹ daśamyaḥ / daśamīḥ¹
Vocative	दशमि daśami	दशम्यौ / दशमी¹ daśamyau / daśamī¹	दशम्यः / दशमीः¹ daśamyaḥ / daśamīḥ¹
Accusative	दशमीम् daśamīm	दशम्यौ / दशमी¹ daśamyau / daśamī¹	दशमीः daśamīḥ
Instrumental	दशम्या daśamyā	दशमीभ्याम् daśamībhyām	दशमीभिः daśamībhiḥ
Dative	दशम्यै daśamyai	दशमीभ्याम् daśamībhyām	दशमीभ्यः daśamībhyaḥ
Ablative	दशम्याः / दशम्यै² daśamyāḥ / daśamyai²	दशमीभ्याम् daśamībhyām	दशमीभ्यः daśamībhyaḥ
Genitive	दशम्याः / दशम्यै² daśamyāḥ / daśamyai²	दशम्योः daśamyoḥ	दशमीनाम् daśamīnām
Locative	दशम्याम् daśamyām	दशम्योः daśamyoḥ	दशमीषु daśamīṣu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दशम (daśamá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दशमम् daśamám	दशमे daśamé	दशमानि / दशमा¹ daśamā́ni / daśamā́¹
Vocative	दशम dáśama	दशमे dáśame	दशमानि / दशमा¹ dáśamāni / dáśamā¹
Accusative	दशमम् daśamám	दशमे daśamé	दशमानि / दशमा¹ daśamā́ni / daśamā́¹
Instrumental	दशमेन daśaména	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमैः / दशमेभिः¹ daśamaíḥ / daśamébhiḥ¹
Dative	दशमाय daśamā́ya	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमेभ्यः daśamébhyaḥ
Ablative	दशमात् daśamā́t	दशमाभ्याम् daśamā́bhyām	दशमेभ्यः daśamébhyaḥ
Genitive	दशमस्य daśamásya	दशमयोः daśamáyoḥ	दशमानाम् daśamā́nām
Locative	दशमे daśamé	दशमयोः daśamáyoḥ	दशमेषु daśaméṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kashmiri: दह्युमु॒ (dahyumu॒, “tenth”)
  • Torwali: دشَم (dašam)
• Pali: dasama
  • → Burmese: ဒသမ (da.sa.ma.)
• Prakrit: 𑀤𑀲𑀫 (dasama)
  • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀲𑀫 (dasama)
  • Khasa Prakrit:
    • Nepali: दशौं (daśa͠u)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀲𑀫 (dasama)
    • Konkani: धावो (dhāvo), धावें (dhāvẽ)
    • Old Marathi:

      Devanagari script: दसव (dasava), दाहाव (dāhāva)

      Modi script: 𑘟𑘭𑘪 (dasava), 𑘟𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘪 (dāhāva)

      • Marathi: दहावे (dahāve)
  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Takka Apabhramsa:
      • Old Punjabi: ਦਸਵਾ (dasavāṁ)
        • Punjabi: dasvā̃

          Gurmukhi script: ਦਸਵਾਂ

          Shahmukhi script: دَسْواں

    • Vracada Apabhramsa:
      • Sindhi: ḍ̠ahõ

        Arabic script: ڏهون

        Devanagari script: ॾहों

  • Sauraseni Prakrit:
    • Gujarati: દસમું (dasmũ)
    • Old Hindi: दसवै (dasavai), दसवैं (dasava͠i, Rājasthānī manuscripts)
      • Hindustani: dasvā̃

        Hindi: दसवाँ

        Urdu: دَسْوَاں (dasvā̃)

Further reading

• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “दशम”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
• Monier Williams (1899) “दशम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 472.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “daśamá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press