दृढ

See also: दाढ़ and दाढ़ी

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• दृळ्ह (dṛḷhá) — Vedic

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দৃঢ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬺᬠ (Balinese script)
• দৃঢ (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰴𑰛 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀾𑀠 (Brahmi script)
• ဒၖဎ (Burmese script)
• દૃઢ (Gujarati script)
• ਦ੍ਰਢ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍃𑌢 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦽꦞ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑃂𑂛 (Kaithi script)
• ದೃಢ (Kannada script)
• ទ្ឫឍ (Khmer script)
• ທ຺ຣິຒ (Lao script)
• ദൃഢ (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡵᡳᢟᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘵𑘛 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠷᠢᢎᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧖𑦻 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐺𑐝 (Newa script)
• ଦୃଢ (Odia script)
• ꢣꢺꢟ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆸𑆞 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖴𑖛 (Siddham script)
• දෘඪ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩙𑩩 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚗 (Takri script)
• த்³ரிட⁴ (Tamil script)
• దృఢ (Telugu script)
• ทฺฤฒ (Thai script)
• དྲྀ་ཌྷ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒵𑒜 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨼𑨉𑨗 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dr̥ẓḍʰás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰr̥ždʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰ-tó-s (“strong, firm, hard”), from *dʰerǵʰ- (“to be firm, strong, tough, hard”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic дръжати (drŭžati, “to hold”), Lithuanian dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”), English dry. The Sanskrit root is दृह् (dṛh) or दृंह् (dṛṃh).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dr̩.ɖʱɐ́/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪r̩.ɖʱɐ/

Adjective

दृढ • (dṛḍhá) stem

1. steadfast, firm, rigid
2. strong, adamant, staunch
3. hefty, sinewy
4. resolute, determined, tenacious, persevering, steady
5. confirmed, established, certain, sure
6. hard-and-fast, dyed-in-the-wool
7. difficult to be bent or broken
8. whole, complete
9. intense, violent, mighty
10. (mathematics) reduced to the last term or smallest number by a common divisor

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दृढ (dṛḍha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दृढः dṛḍhaḥ	दृढौ / दृढा¹ dṛḍhau / dṛḍhā¹	दृढाः / दृढासः¹ dṛḍhāḥ / dṛḍhāsaḥ¹
Vocative	दृढ dṛḍha	दृढौ / दृढा¹ dṛḍhau / dṛḍhā¹	दृढाः / दृढासः¹ dṛḍhāḥ / dṛḍhāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दृढम् dṛḍham	दृढौ / दृढा¹ dṛḍhau / dṛḍhā¹	दृढान् dṛḍhān
Instrumental	दृढेन dṛḍhena	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढैः / दृढेभिः¹ dṛḍhaiḥ / dṛḍhebhiḥ¹
Dative	दृढाय dṛḍhāya	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Ablative	दृढात् dṛḍhāt	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Genitive	दृढस्य dṛḍhasya	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढानाम् dṛḍhānām
Locative	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढेषु dṛḍheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दृढा (dṛḍhā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दृढा dṛḍhā	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढाः dṛḍhāḥ
Vocative	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढाः dṛḍhāḥ
Accusative	दृढाम् dṛḍhām	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढाः dṛḍhāḥ
Instrumental	दृढया / दृढा¹ dṛḍhayā / dṛḍhā¹	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढाभिः dṛḍhābhiḥ
Dative	दृढायै dṛḍhāyai	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढाभ्यः dṛḍhābhyaḥ
Ablative	दृढायाः / दृढायै² dṛḍhāyāḥ / dṛḍhāyai²	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढाभ्यः dṛḍhābhyaḥ
Genitive	दृढायाः / दृढायै² dṛḍhāyāḥ / dṛḍhāyai²	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढानाम् dṛḍhānām
Locative	दृढायाम् dṛḍhāyām	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढासु dṛḍhāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दृढ (dṛḍha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दृढम् dṛḍham	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Vocative	दृढ dṛḍha	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Accusative	दृढम् dṛḍham	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Instrumental	दृढेन dṛḍhena	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढैः / दृढेभिः¹ dṛḍhaiḥ / dṛḍhebhiḥ¹
Dative	दृढाय dṛḍhāya	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Ablative	दृढात् dṛḍhāt	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Genitive	दृढस्य dṛḍhasya	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढानाम् dṛḍhānām
Locative	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढेषु dṛḍheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀤𑀠 (daḍha)
  • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀠 (daḍha)
  • Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀠 (daḍha)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀠 (daḍha)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀠 (daḍha)
• Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀤𑀺𑀠 (diḍha)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀺𑀠 (diḍha)
    • Hindi: दिढ़ (diṛh)
• Ashokan Prakrit: 𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨁𐨝 (driḍha)
  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Punjabi: ਦ੍ਰਿੜ (driṛ), ਦ੍ਰਿੜ੍ਹ (driṛh)
• → Hindi: दृढ़ (dŕṛh)
• → Bengali: দৃঢ় (driṛh)

Noun

दृढ • (dṛḍha) stem, n

1. iron
2. stronghold, fortress
3. anything fixed, firm, or solid

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दृढ (dṛḍha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दृढम् dṛḍham	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Vocative	दृढ dṛḍha	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Accusative	दृढम् dṛḍham	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढानि / दृढा¹ dṛḍhāni / dṛḍhā¹
Instrumental	दृढेन dṛḍhena	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढैः / दृढेभिः¹ dṛḍhaiḥ / dṛḍhebhiḥ¹
Dative	दृढाय dṛḍhāya	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Ablative	दृढात् dṛḍhāt	दृढाभ्याम् dṛḍhābhyām	दृढेभ्यः dṛḍhebhyaḥ
Genitive	दृढस्य dṛḍhasya	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढानाम् dṛḍhānām
Locative	दृढे dṛḍhe	दृढयोः dṛḍhayoḥ	दृढेषु dṛḍheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “दृढ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 490/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 706; 742