ꜥš

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕoːʃ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive with n or r or transitive) to summon (someone), to call (someone) over
2. (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to (someone)
3. (intransitive, with n or r) to call on (a god) for aid, to invoke
4. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to specify, to provide (a name), to name names
5. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to read (something) aloud [since the 19th Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥš	ꜥšw, ꜥš	ꜥšt	ꜥš, j.ꜥš	ꜥš, j.ꜥš

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥš	ḥr ꜥš	m ꜥš	r ꜥš

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	ꜥšw, ꜥš	consecutive	ꜥš.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥšt
perfective3	ꜥš	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥš.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥš, j.ꜥš1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥš	ꜥšš	potentialis1	ꜥš.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥš, j.ꜥš1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥš	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥš	ꜥšš, ꜥššj6, ꜥš2, ꜥšw2 5, ꜥšy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜥš1, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ꜥš1, j.ꜥšw1 5, ꜥš, ꜥšj6, ꜥšy6	ꜥš, ꜥšw5
prospective	ꜥš, ꜥštj7	—	ꜥštj4, ꜥšt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Allen considers the form jꜣš a Middle Kingdom development, with the ayin having become a glottal stop; however, this is in fact the earlier attested variant, and all writings until the 18th Dynasty have ꜣ either instead of or (less commonly) alongside ꜥ. The word only became common in the New Kingdom, however, so that the later renderings as ꜥš are by far the more common variants.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

jꜣš	jꜣꜥš	jꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥw
[Middle Kingdom]	[18th to 20th Dynasty]	[19th Dynasty]	[New Kingdom]	[22nd Dynasty]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

• ꜥš ḥꜣt

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥš
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

Noun

 m

1. call, summons

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Derived terms

• mj ꜥš wꜥ
• sḏm ꜥš

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

 m

1. a kind of coniferous tree whose wood and resin were used medicinally, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) [since the Old Kingdom]
2. the wood of this tree

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥš	ꜥw
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]
					abbreviation	abbreviation, in hieratic

Noun

 m

1. the resin of the ꜥš-tree

   Synonym: sfṯ

Derived terms

• ḥꜣt-ꜥš
• ḥꜣt nt ꜥš

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

 m

1. (Late Egyptian) beer jug

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)

singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  

ꜥšw

References

• “ꜥš (lemma ID 40890)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥš (lemma ID 40900)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥš (lemma ID 40940)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥš (lemma ID 450173)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[4], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥš (lemma ID 40950)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[5], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[6], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 33, 227.4–227.15, 228.1–228.7
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 8–9, 11, 48–49
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 182, 258, 362.
• Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217