고지식하다

Korean

Etymology

In the Hangul script, first attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 고디〮식다〮 (Yale: kwòtí-sìktá).

The verb was originally a phrase involving the adverb 고디〮 (Yale: kwòtí) "in a straight way; righteously" and Old Korean 爲只 (*SIk-, “to act”), thus "to act righteously". Early Hangul texts preserve this positive meaning. However, by the late sixteenth century, the verb had eventually shifted to the adjectival "to be self-righteous; to be stubborn".

Once the word had become an adjective and the Old Korean etymology had long been forgotten, it was misunderstood as a corruption of an adjective formed by the adjective-deriving suffix 하다 (hada), leading to the modern form via hypercorrection. This began to occur in the sixteenth century, and the original non-hada form had disappeared by the seventeenth century.

Equivalent to modern 고지식 (gojisik) +‎ 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ko̞d͡ʑiɕʰikʰa̠da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [고지시카다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gojisikhada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gojisighada
McCune–Reischauer?	kojisikhada
Yale Romanization?	kocisik.hata

Adjective

고지식하다 • (gojisikhada) (infinitive 고지식해 or 고지식하여, sequential 고지식하니)

1. to be self-righteous; to be stubborn; to be inflexible

   우리 교수님은 진짜 고지식해서 컴퓨터도 못 쓰게 해. ― Uri gyosu-nim-eun jinjja gojisik-haeseo keompyuteo-do mot sseuge hae. ― Our professor is really inflexible, so he doesn't even let us use computers.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 고지식하다 (gojisikhada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	고지식하다 gojisikhada	고지식해 gojisikhae	고지식해요 gojisikhaeyo	고지식합니다 gojisikhamnida
	Past	고지식했다 gojisikhaetda	고지식했어 gojisikhaesseo	고지식했어요 gojisikhaesseoyo	고지식했습니다 gojisikhaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	고지식하냐 gojisikhanya	고지식해 gojisikhae	고지식해요 gojisikhaeyo	고지식합니까 gojisikhamnikka
	Past	고지식했냐 gojisikhaennya	고지식했어 gojisikhaesseo	고지식했어요 gojisikhaesseoyo	고지식했습니까 gojisikhaetseumnikka
Assertive		고지식하겠다 gojisikhagetda	고지식하겠어 gojisikhagesseo	고지식하겠어요 gojisikhagesseoyo	고지식하겠습니다 gojisikhagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		고지식해 gojisikhae	고지식해서, 고지식하여서 gojisikhaeseo, gojisikhayeoseo	고지식하니 gojisikhani	고지식하니까 gojisikhanikka
Contrast		고지식하지만 gojisikhajiman	고지식한데 gojisikhande	고지식하더니 gojisikhadeoni
Conjunction		고지식하고 gojisikhago
Condition		고지식하면 gojisikhamyeon	고지식해야, 고지식하여야 gojisikhaeya, gojisikhayeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		고지식함 gojisikham	고지식하기 gojisikhagi
Past-tense verbal nouns		고지식했음, 고지식하였음 gojisikhaesseum, gojisikhayeosseum	고지식했기, 고지식하였기 gojisikhaetgi, gojisikhayeotgi
Determiners	Present		고지식한 gojisikhan
	Future		고지식할 gojisikhal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	고지식하시다 gojisikhasida	고지식하셔 gojisikhasyeo	고지식하세요, 고지식하셔요 gojisikhaseyo, gojisikhasyeoyo	고지식하십니다 gojisikhasimnida
	Past	고지식하셨다 gojisikhasyeotda	고지식하셨어 gojisikhasyeosseo	고지식하셨어요 gojisikhasyeosseoyo	고지식하셨습니다 gojisikhasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	고지식하시냐 gojisikhasinya	고지식하셔 gojisikhasyeo	고지식하세요, 고지식하셔요 gojisikhaseyo, gojisikhasyeoyo	고지식하십니까 gojisikhasimnikka
	Past	고지식하셨냐 gojisikhasyeonnya	고지식하셨어 gojisikhasyeosseo	고지식하셨어요 gojisikhasyeosseoyo	고지식하셨습니까 gojisikhasyeotseumnikka
Assertive		고지식하시겠다 gojisikhasigetda	고지식하시겠어 gojisikhasigesseo	고지식하시겠어요 gojisikhasigesseoyo	고지식하시겠습니다 gojisikhasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		고지식하셔 gojisikhasyeo	고지식하셔서 gojisikhasyeoseo	고지식하시니 gojisikhasini	고지식하시니까 gojisikhasinikka
Contrast		고지식하시지만 gojisikhasijiman	고지식하신데 gojisikhasinde	고지식하시더니 gojisikhasideoni
Conjunction		고지식하시고 gojisikhasigo
Condition		고지식하시면 gojisikhasimyeon	고지식하셔야 gojisikhasyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		고지식하심 gojisikhasim	고지식하시기 gojisikhasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		고지식하셨음 gojisikhasyeosseum	고지식하셨기 gojisikhasyeotgi
Determiners	Present		고지식하신 gojisikhasin
	Future		고지식하실 gojisikhasil

See also

• 고집(固執) (gojip, “stubbornness”)