𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +‎ Proto-Germanic *malwijaną (“to crush, grind, break”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡaˈmalw.jan/

Verb

𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (gamalwjan) (perfective)

1. (hapax) to crush (figuratively, to overwhelm by pressure or weight)
   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 4.18:

     𐌰𐌷𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽,

     ahma fraujins ana mis, in þizei gasalbōda mik du wailamērjan unlēdaim, insandida mik du ganasjan þans gamalwidans hairtin,

     The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, […] (KJV).

Conjugation

Only attested in the past participle.

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 gamalwjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰 gamalwja	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 gamalwida	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 gamalwjada
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 gamalweis	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 gamalwidēs	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 gamalwjaza
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌸 gamalweiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 gamalwida	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 gamalwjada
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐍉𐍃 gamalwjōs	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 gamalwidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 gamalwjats	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 gamalwidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌼 gamalwjam	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 gamalwidēdum	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gamalwjanda
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌸 gamalweiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 gamalwidēduþ	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gamalwjanda
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 gamalwjand	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 gamalwidēdun	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gamalwjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌿 gamalwjau	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 gamalwidēdjau	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaidau
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 gamalwjais	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 gamalwidēdeis	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaizau
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹 gamalwjai	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 gamalwidēdi	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaidau
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 gamalwjaiwa	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 gamalwidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 gamalwjaits	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 gamalwidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 gamalwjaima	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 gamalwidēdeima	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaindau
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 gamalwjaiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 gamalwidēdeiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaindau
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 gamalwjaina	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 gamalwidēdeina	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹 gamalwei
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjadau
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 gamalwjats
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌸 gamalweiþ
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gamalwjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 gamalwjands	𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍃 gamalwiþs

Related terms

• 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (malan, “to grind”)
• 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 (malma, “sand”)
• 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍉 (malō, “moth”)
• 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda, “soil, dust”)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 89