Appendix:Dura word list
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This appendix contains two sections, namely a semantically organized word list and an extended Swadesh list. Both are from Schorer (2016).
Semantically organized word list[edit]
The following word list of the Dura language is from Schorer (2016: 134-154). Schorer also cites forms from Nagila (2008).
| No. | Gloss | Dura |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | father | bāu |
| 2 | mother | maikʰu, āmā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 3 | grandfather | ākʰe, bātʰe, bāje (Indo-Aryan) |
| 4 | grandmother | ākʰe-syo, matʰe, omo |
| 5 | son | hre, rasari |
| 6 | daughter | mehre ~ mrehe ~ mere |
| 7 | eldest, first born son (Nepali जेठो) | kātʰe, ʈʰāku |
| 8 | youngest, last born son (Nepali कान्छा) | kāncʰā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 9 | husband | kāu |
| 10 | wife (also ‘woman’ in general) | misā |
| 11 | father-in-law (Nepali ससु रा) | hāepo |
| 12 | mother-in-law (Nepali सासु) | hāemo |
| 13 | grandson | ko ~ kā |
| 14 | granddaughter | komo |
| 15 | younger brother | sij̃ ā, bʰāī (Indo-Aryan) |
| 16 | elder brother | moce, dāī (Indo-Aryan) |
| 17 | younger sister | liusā, bahinī (Indo-Aryan) |
| 18 | elder sister | kʰāpā, didi (Indo-Aryan) |
| 19 | elder sister’s husband (Nepali भि नाजु) | ācyo |
| 20 | elder brother of one’s husband (Nepali जेटाजु) | ācyo |
| 21 | sister-in-law, elder brother’s wife (Nepali भाउज्यू) | kāgre, kāure |
| 22 | son-in-law, brother-in-law (Nepali ज्वाइँ) | gomo |
| 23 | daughter-in-law, sister-in-law (Nepali बुहारी) | tapʰre |
| 24 | paternal side (father’s) younger brother (Nepali कान्छा बा) | matʰe |
| 25 | younger brother (Nepali काका) | ba-cʰire |
| 26 | younger brother’s wife (Nepali कान्छी आमा) | ŋiso |
| 27 | younger brother’s wife (Nepali काकी) | a-cʰire |
| 28 | sister (Nepali फुपु) | pʰupū (Indo-Aryan) |
| 29 | sister’s husband (Nepali फुपा जु) | pusāĩ |
| 30 | maternal side (mother’s) younger sister (Nepali सा नी आमा) | musī |
| 31 | younger brother’s wife (Nepali सा नी आमा) | musī |
| 32 | brother’s wife (Nepali माइजु) | āŋi, gumā |
| 33 | brother’s child (Nepali मामाको छोरा/छोरी) | samdī |
| 34 | niece (also ‘elder/younger sister’) | ŋolso < *ŋolo-syo |
| 35 | reciprocal term used by fathers of married couple | samdī |
| 36 | male cross cousin (Nepali सो ल्टी) | ŋolo |
| 37 | child, baby | wasyā ~ basyā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 38 | children | disāno ~ disāro |
| 39 | boy | ālre ~ allāre, ʈʰiʈā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 40 | girl | ʈʰiʈī (Indo-Aryan), jʰanā, pāpārā, hālimerī, aie ~ aire (Nagila 2008) |
| 41 | baby girl | busī |
| 42 | pregnant woman | busi-hāro-ni (lit. ‘baby-bearer’) |
| 43 | friend | āgyo |
| 44 | concubine, mistress | misā-wāmu |
| 45 | female family members | hālimero |
| 46 | relatives of married woman’s parents | ālero |
| 47 | alcohol | cʰāpā (also ‘sweat’) |
| 48 | banana | mujā, nāc |
| 49 | barley beer | makʰe (also ‘rice beer’) |
| 50 | black lentils | kulu |
| 51 | bread | kẽ |
| 52 | buckwheat | gyāwrā ~ gawrā |
| 53 | cooked rice | bʰākā, kʰodārī, cyāno ~ cyānu |
| 54 | egg | odi ~ oni |
| 55 | food (in general) | cune, conisapa |
| 56 | fruit | pokimuni |
| 57 | garlic | pʰĩ |
| 58 | ghee (clarified butter) | rāmā, dumā |
| 59 | greens | rāyo |
| 60 | gruel or porridge (from millet or corn) | kiubʰākā |
| 61 | gundruk | pāte |
| 62 | juice broth | golo |
| 63 | lemon | ŋyāpo |
| 64 | light meal | mibru ~ maypuru |
| 65 | maize, corn | māsi, sitarān |
| 66 | mango | āwo |
| 67 | medicine | mhoi ~ mhay |
| 68 | milk | nājo, nāmlo (also ‘breasts’) |
| 69 | millet | nāre, nārevārī, kiu, kĩtro |
| 70 | unhusked rice | sāli |
| 71 | pickles | cʰopā |
| 72 | potato | yoŋ |
| 73 | rice beer | muni, makʰe |
| 74 | salt | cʰõ |
| 75 | soup, gravy | kʰuku |
| 76 | soupy vegetable preparation (Nepali ति हुन) | gai ~ gi |
| 77 | sesame | cikyā |
| 78 | vinegar | kʰlyāu (also ‘sour’) |
| 79 | timur pepper | pramu |
| 80 | uncooked rice | jo, siī |
| 81 | uncooked, usually soaked, whole rice grains offered in worship or religious ceremonies | kārtʰo |
| 82 | yogurt, curds | gʰisa |
| 83 | preparation of water boiled with sugar, clarified butter and spices (Nepali कांढा) | kājyū |
| 84 | animals (also ‘cattle’) | kʰeto |
| 85 | ant(s) | mārtʰo |
| 86 | baby chicken | o-busi |
| 87 | bedbug | kope |
| 88 | bird | go |
| 89 | bullock, steer | gʰyoglā |
| 90 | cat | ŋyāki |
| 91 | cattle (also ‘animals’) | kʰeto |
| 92 | chicken | oka ~ woka |
| 93 | cow | me, gosā |
| 94 | crab | kʰi |
| 95 | dog | nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka |
| 96 | eagle, mythical bird | ohiwā |
| 97 | fish | ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi |
| 98 | flea(s) | gumī, tācyũ |
| 99 | fly | cyāpʰri |
| 100 | goat | myo, ro, wanbʰeu |
| 101 | hen | o-potʰī, kwā-cā, kyo |
| 102 | horse | bāsī, gʰoɖā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 103 | insect, worm, bug | kānī, kāwī |
| 104 | jackal, fox | mākā |
| 105 | louse | syā |
| 106 | mole | rimī |
| 107 | monkey | lākʰu |
| 108 | pig | moe |
| 109 | pig, swine, hog | tilu |
| 110 | rabbit | kʰarakaʈā |
| 111 | rat, mouse | kāmu |
| 112 | rooster | omi |
| 113 | sheep, ram | cʰaki, daki |
| 114 | snake | kāuī |
| 115 | spider | maŋgar |
| 116 | tiger | kirā |
| 117 | water buffalo | māi, maikʰa |
| 118 | arrive, reach | ɖri-, ɖā- |
| 119 | ask for (request) | bi- |
| 120 | bark (dog) | hāyo- ~ hoyo- |
| 121 | bathe | nākʰlu |
| 122 | beat₁ | dʰo- |
| 123 | beat₂ | ŋā- |
| 124 | become | lā- |
| 125 | blow | pʰrayā- ~ bāu |
| 126 | boil (water) (vi) | lhu- |
| 127 | born, be | pi- |
| 128 | bring | rā- |
| 129 | burn (vt) | kʰu-, ju-, ʈu- |
| 130 | call | hālu- |
| 131 | carry | hāre- |
| 132 | chew | ŋyā u- |
| 133 | climb | tāke- |
| 134 | comb hair | hālī- |
| 135 | cook, boil (vi) | mi- |
| 136 | cook (vt) | rāmu- |
| 137 | cry | kra- |
| 138 | cut | kade-, kʰāu (grass) |
| 139 | descend | hu- |
| 140 | dig | dā- |
| 141 | drive away | hā̃-ɖi-, hāmo- |
| 142 | do | u- |
| 143 | earn | pʰũ- |
| 144 | fall down | sari- mha-, mhu- |
| 145 | fight | bʰyū mha-, mhu- |
| 146 | fill | gu- |
| 147 | forget | syo-mle- |
| 148 | fry | rāũ ~ rāĩ |
| 149 | give birth | pʰĩ- |
| 150 | graze | hrāhu-, rāso- |
| 151 | grind | rāya- |
| 152 | have sex | lo- |
| 153 | healthy, be | ji- |
| 154 | hide (vi) | ŋuhu-, ŋabyu- |
| 155 | hide (vt) | hāŋapu- |
| 156 | hold | hu- kʰri- |
| 157 | hungry, be / get | kyu kʰri- |
| 158 | hurt | bāyā- |
| 159 | insert | lhu- |
| 160 | itch | cedā- |
| 161 | join (unite) | gri- |
| 162 | laugh | hā-, ʈaw-, hõiro u- |
| 163 | learn | sālu- |
| 164 | lick | lhay-, nyā u- |
| 165 | live | su- |
| 166 | lose something | dāmā-, hāmo- |
| 167 | make | u- |
| 168 | meet | pẽ ~ pay- |
| 169 | milk | pi- ko-u |
| 170 | mix (vt) | hā-gi-, ko-u |
| 171 | obey | mu- |
| 172 | open (vt) | jāpu-, pʰay- |
| 173 | plant | hā-, dāe- |
| 174 | play | kāre- |
| 175 | plough | gyõ-, jyu- |
| 176 | push | pāko u- |
| 177 | quarrel | māki u- |
| 178 | rain | ti gu- |
| 179 | receive | tĩ- |
| 180 | rest | lo u- |
| 181 | return | hātā- lay-di- |
| 182 | rise, stand up | cʰyā lay-di- |
| 183 | ripe, be | mhiyu- |
| 184 | rub | rā- |
| 185 | rot | hro-u |
| 186 | sated, be | ko- |
| 187 | scold | kyā u- |
| 188 | scratch | kawā-, kyā- |
| 189 | search for, look for | lhu- |
| 190 | sew, stitch | tāru-, pāru, supu- |
| 191 | sharpen | mhyā- |
| 192 | shout | hārake-, hā- |
| 193 | sing | kro- ~ ko- |
| 194 | sink, set (sun) | hubi- |
| 195 | sit, stay | hunu- |
| 196 | speak (language) | pe- |
| 197 | spill | ɖʰālde- |
| 198 | stand (be upright) | syā- |
| 199 | steal | yo- |
| 200 | stuck, get | kʰe- |
| 201 | swallow | hāmlo- |
| 202 | sweep | syā-, pʰyā |
| 203 | take₁ | hĩ- |
| 204 | take₂ | lo- |
| 205 | take out | kādʰe-, ca- |
| 206 | teach | kʰārā- |
| 207 | throw | pākway- |
| 208 | tie up | kāpo- |
| 209 | tire | pyo hro- |
| 210 | twist, plait | kʰri- ~ kʰi- |
| 211 | uproot | ā- |
| 212 | wash oneself | nākʰlu- |
| 213 | wash (vt) | hu- |
| 214 | work | gyā u- |
| 215 | write | hāpri- |
| 216 | zero | liŋa |
| 217 | one | nām, kyau, di-, yāwo (Indo-Aryan) |
| 218 | two | jʰim, duwo, duɖa (Nagila, both Indo-Aryan) |
| 219 | three | sām, tiyā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 220 | four | pim, jʰārā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 221 | five | kum, mācā, pāc (Indo-Aryan) |
| 222 | six | cyām (Indo-Aryan) |
| 223 | seven | syām (Indo-Aryan) |
| 224 | eight | him |
| 225 | nine | him |
| 226 | ten | tʰim |
| 227 | twenty | jʰim-tʰī |
| 228 | thirty | sām-tʰī |
| 229 | hundred | tʰiŋganā, kātʰerāgo |
| 230 | thousand | jena |
| 231 | black | keplo |
| 232 | white | bintʰā |
| 233 | yellow | kẽlo |
| 234 | red | cʰāblī (also means ‘good’) |
| 235 | axe, hatchet | bʰyācī |
| 236 | bag | nāne |
| 237 | balance, scale | pārā ~ pāra |
| 238 | bamboo | hāri |
| 239 | blanket | pākʰī |
| 240 | clothes, cloth | go |
| 241 | comb (n) | bʰrācā |
| 242 | cooking pot | goyā |
| 243 | cotton plant, raw cotton | pui |
| 244 | cow shed | poro, bʰro, bʰroʃ (Nagila 2008) |
| 245 | fog, mist, haze | nasku |
| 246 | hail | nolo |
| 247 | hand mill for grinding corn | rātā, redo |
| 248 | hearth | kotā |
| 249 | house | kyu |
| 250 | irrigated field | hāmro, timro |
| 251 | large bamboo or cane mat | lhu |
| 252 | (long-handled) mattock | dayti |
| 253 | money | gumi |
| 254 | morning | ŋimā (also ‘early’) |
| 255 | necklace (of beads) | kāci |
| 256 | pasture for cattle | gusā-rāso |
| 257 | pipe made from bamboo for blowing on fire | tutu |
| 258 | place | rātʰu |
| 259 | ring | gʰyāpā |
| 260 | saw | kaʈʰawti |
| 261 | sieve | kicā |
| 262 | small cup without handle | belā |
| 263 | song | kāre |
| 264 | storage basket with legs, placed on floor | ɖumi |
| 265 | teacher | āmro |
| 266 | thatch (for roofing) | rāgi |
| 267 | thread, yarn | hri |
| 268 | Topi, traditional Nepalese hat | kule, cʰi |
| 269 | village | niso, piŋ |
| 270 | walking stick | bārā |
| 271 | weapon | gʰāuniso |
| 272 | well, watering place | ti kʰo |
| 273 | wide, flat basket for carrying vegetables | kũdī |
| 274 | wood (especially ‘firewood’ | sĩ |
| 275 | yoke | kāhrayo |
| 276 | backbone, spine | rādʰu ~ rāgʰu, mobu |
| 277 | blood | hāyu |
| 278 | breasts (female) | nāmlo |
| 279 | brow ridge, supraorbital ridge | micʰā |
| 280 | buttock (also ‘hip’) | maisī |
| 281 | chest (also ‘heart’) | māu |
| 282 | chin | kākū |
| 283 | corpse (dead body) | sikʰāu |
| 284 | ear(s) | rānu, muni |
| 285 | eye | mi |
| 286 | faeces, excrement, shit | yu |
| 287 | finger | kur-ne amlī (lit. finger of hand) |
| 288 | foot (also ‘leg’) | sepe |
| 289 | forehead | hāũ |
| 290 | hair | kra |
| 291 | hand | kuru |
| 292 | head | padʰe, muni |
| 293 | heart (also ‘chest’) | māu |
| 294 | hip (also ‘buttock’) | maisī |
| 295 | leg (also ‘foot’) | sepe |
| 296 | liver | ciŋa |
| 297 | mouth | māsi, sũ |
| 298 | nail | se |
| 299 | neck | põ, kʰalī |
| 300 | nose | nu |
| 301 | saliva, spittle | mākyā |
| 302 | sexual organ (male & female) | rāũcu (DSS 2003: only ‘penis’) |
| 303 | shoulder | kādʰā (Indo-Aryan) |
| 304 | stomach, belly | kyū |
| 305 | sweat (n) (also ‘alcohol’) | cʰāpā |
| 306 | tear(s) | milkī |
| 307 | thigh | lepu, maysī (also ‘hip, buttock’) |
| 308 | tongue | li |
| 309 | tooth | sa ~ se |
| 310 | urine | cʰyālā |
| 311 | vomit (n) | māhā |
| 312 | alive, be | su-u |
| 313 | belch | hāucā- ~ hāuyā |
| 314 | defecate | yu klā- (lit. ‘release shit’) |
| 315 | fart (v) | bʰe klā- (lit. ‘release fart’) |
| 316 | healthy, be | ji |
| 317 | urinate | cʰyāla klā- (lit. ‘release urine’) |
| 318 | vomit (v) | māha ro- (lit. ‘vomit come’) |
Swadesh list[edit]
Schorer (2016:126-127) provides the following 125-word Swadesh list of Dura.
| No. | Gloss | Dura |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | I (1SG) | ŋi ~ ŋe |
| 2. | you (2SG) | no |
| 3. | we (inclusive) | ŋyāro |
| 4. | this | ī |
| 5. | that | huī |
| 6. | Who? | su |
| 7. | What? | hāde |
| 8. | not | ma-, ta- (prohibitive) |
| 9. | all (of a number) | dhāī |
| 10. | many | bhāī |
| 11. | one | kyau, nām, di- |
| 12. | two | jʰim, ŋe- |
| 13. | big | kātʰe |
| 14. | long | kānu, remo ~ hreŋo |
| 15. | small | ācʰirī |
| 16. | woman (adult) | misā |
| 17. | man (adult) | kalārā, bro |
| 18. | person | bro |
| 19. | fish (n) | ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi |
| 20. | bird; chicken | o |
| 21. | dog | nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka |
| 22. | louse | syā |
| 23. | tree | kepo ~ kemo |
| 24. | seed (n) | ʈisro, hulu |
| 25. | leaf | lyoī, lho |
| 26. | root | - |
| 27. | bark (of tree) | - |
| 28. | skin | ke |
| 29. | flesh | syo |
| 30. | blood | hāyu |
| 31. | bone | - |
| 32. | grease, fat | duccʰu |
| 33. | egg | odī, onī |
| 34. | horn (of bull etc.) | soglo, sono |
| 35. | tail | - |
| 36. | feather | phya |
| 37. | hair (human) | kra |
| 38. | head | padʰe |
| 39. | ear | naya, muni, rānu |
| 40. | eye | mi |
| 41. | nose | nu |
| 42. | mouth | māsi, sũ |
| 43. | tooth | sa ~ se |
| 44. | tongue | li |
| 45. | nail | se |
| 46. | foot | sepe |
| 47. | knee | - |
| 48. | hand | kuru |
| 49. | belly | kyu |
| 50. | neck | kʰalī, po ~ põ |
| 51. | breasts | nāmlo |
| 52. | heart | māu |
| 53. | liver | ciŋ |
| 54. | to drink | kiu- |
| 55. | to eat | co- |
| 56. | to bite | - |
| 57. | to see | do- ~ dõ-, mātā- |
| 58. | to hear | tās-, tāu-, tānu- |
| 59. | to know | syo- |
| 60. | to sleep | tānu- |
| 61. | to die | si- |
| 62. | to kill | sā-, kāne-, kāde |
| 63. | to swim | - |
| 64. | to fly | ŋyau, hāsu- |
| 65. | to walk | so- |
| 66. | to come | hro |
| 67. | to lie | - |
| 68. | to sit | huni- |
| 69. | to stand | decʰe- |
| 70. | to give | hyo- |
| 71. | to say | cʰi- |
| 72. | sun | mamī |
| 73. | moon | tālā |
| 74. | star | -so (in compound) |
| 75. | water | ti ~ ʈi |
| 76. | rain (n) | ti ~ ʈi |
| 77. | stone | thũ ~ tũ, kāno ~ kānu |
| 78. | sand | - |
| 79. | earth, soil | kācʰo, cʰuu |
| 80. | cloud | - |
| 81. | smoke (n) | ma-kʰu |
| 82. | fire | mi |
| 83. | ash(es) | ma-pʰu |
| 84. | to burn (vi) | bani- |
| 85. | path | lāutʰyo |
| 86. | mountain | lgẽwarapʰa [sic] |
| 87. | red | cʰāblī |
| 88. | green | - |
| 89. | yellow | kẽlo |
| 90. | white | bintʰā |
| 91. | black | keplo |
| 92. | night | yāku |
| 93. | hot | - |
| 94. | cold | cʰiũ |
| 95. | full | ʈʰyāmmay |
| 96. | new | kācʰā |
| 97. | good | cʰyāu- (v), cʰāblī (also ‘red’) |
| 98. | round | burluŋ |
| 99. | dry | - |
| 100. | name | rāmī |
| 101. | he (3SG) | hui |
| 102. | he₂ (3SG) | ŋo ~ no |
| 103. | you (2PL) | nāro(-nī) |
| 104. | they (3PL) | hyāro |
| 105. | three | sām |
| 106. | four | pim |
| 107. | five | kum (<‘hand’) |
| 108. | where? | kālā |
| 109. | when? | komo |
| 110. | how? | kudinī |
| 111. | other | agyu, rijā |
| 112. | few | ācitī |
| 113. | fruit | pokimuni |
| 114. | flower | ŋepʰu ~ nepʰu |
| 115. | grass | cʰĩ |
| 116. | snake | kāuī |
| 117. | worm | kʰātalī |
| 118. | rope | rasarī |
| 119. | river | kloi ~ klou |
| 120. | to warm (vt) | tāle-u |
| 121. | old | ʈe |
| 122. | straight (not curved) | hopay |
| 123. | sharp | mhyā- (v) |
| 124. | wet | tʰo- (v) |
| 125. | happy | kru- (v) |
See also[edit]
- Appendix:Vocabulary lists of Mainland Southeast Asian languages
- Appendix:Baram-Thangmi comparative vocabulary list
- Appendix:Bunan word list
References[edit]
- Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill.
- Nagila, Kedar Bilash. 2008. Aspects, Evidences from the Dura Language. Nepalese Linguistics, 23, p. 157–167.