Appendix:Even Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Even, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Even эвэды торэн (əwədi torən) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | би (ʙi) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | хи (hi) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ноӈан (noŋan) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | бу (ʙu) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ху (hu) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ноӈартан (noŋartan) |
| 7 | this | эр (ər) |
| 8 | that | -ку (-ku), -гу (-gu) |
| 9 | here | эдӯ (ədū) |
| 10 | there | тадӯ (tadū), тала̄ (talā), талӣ (talī) |
| 11 | who | ӈи (ŋi) |
| 12 | what | я̄к (jāk) |
| 13 | where | идӯ (idū) |
| 14 | when | о̄к (ōk) |
| 15 | how | о̄н (ōn) |
| 16 | not | эдэ̄й (ədə̄j) |
| 17 | all | эрэгэр (ərəgər) |
| 18 | many | хо̄я̄ (hōjā), энтэкэ̄е̄ (əntəkə̄jē) |
| 19 | some | ады̄-да̄ (adī-dā) |
| 20 | few | адыкун (adikun) |
| 21 | other | хӯнте (hūnte) |
| 22 | one | өмэн (ömən) |
| 23 | two | дӫр (ʒör) |
| 24 | three | илан (ilan) |
| 25 | four | дыгэн (digən) |
| 26 | five | тунӈан (tunŋan) |
| 27 | big | эгден (əgʒen) |
| 28 | long | ӈоном (ŋonom) |
| 29 | wide | калбин (kalʙin) |
| 30 | thick | дэрам (dəram) |
| 31 | heavy | ургэ (urgə) |
| 32 | small | кучукэ̄н (kucukə̄n) |
| 33 | short | урумкӯн (urumkūn) |
| 34 | narrow | хилӯмкӯн (hilūmkūn) |
| 35 | thin | нэмкӯн (nəmkūn) |
| 36 | woman | асӣ (asī) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | бэй (ʙəj), ня̄рӣ (ņārī), ня̄рӣ бэй (ņārī ʙəj) |
| 38 | man (human being) | бэй (ʙəj) |
| 39 | child | куӈа̄ка̄н (kuŋākān) |
| 40 | wife | атыка̄н (atikān) |
| 41 | husband | этыкэ̄н (ətikə̄n) |
| 42 | mother | энин (əņin) |
| 43 | father | аман (aman) |
| 44 | animal | делгэнкэ (ʒelgənkə) |
| 45 | fish | олра (olra) |
| 46 | bird | дегӣ (ʒegī) |
| 47 | dog | ӈен (ŋen) |
| 48 | louse | кумкэ (kumkə) |
| 49 | snake | дябда (ʒaʙda) |
| 50 | worm | магдилӣ (magʒilī) |
| 51 | tree | мо̄ (mō) |
| 52 | forest | исаг (isag) |
| 53 | stick | мо̄ (mō) |
| 54 | fruit | плод (plod) |
| 55 | seed | чэӣнэ (cəjīnə) |
| 56 | leaf | эбдэнрэ (əʙdənrə) |
| 57 | root | ӈиӈтэ (ŋiŋtə) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | урта (urta) |
| 59 | flower | нөчэ̄ (nöcə̄) |
| 60 | grass | ора̄т (orāt) |
| 61 | rope | усӣ (usī) |
| 62 | skin | эртэ (ərtə), нанра (nanra) |
| 63 | meat | улрэ (ulrə) |
| 64 | blood | хуӈэ̄л (huŋə̄l) |
| 65 | bone | икерӣ (ikerī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | имсэ (imsə) |
| 67 | egg | умта (umta) |
| 68 | horn | ко̄е̄ (kōjē) |
| 69 | tail | иргэ (irgə) |
| 70 | feather | буди (ʙuʒi) |
| 71 | hair | ню̄рӣт (ņūrīt) |
| 72 | head | дэл (dəl) |
| 73 | ear | корит (korit) |
| 74 | eye | я̄сал (jāsal) |
| 75 | nose | оӈат (oŋat) |
| 76 | mouth | амӈа (amŋa) |
| 77 | tooth | ӣт (īt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | е̄нӈэ (jēnŋə) |
| 79 | fingernail | оста (osta) |
| 80 | foot | халган (halgan) |
| 81 | leg | бо̄дэл (ʙōdəl) |
| 82 | knee | хэнӈэн (hənŋən) |
| 83 | hand | ӈа̄л (ŋāl) |
| 84 | wing | дэтлэ (dətlə) |
| 85 | belly | ур (ur) |
| 86 | guts | хелта (helta) |
| 87 | neck | некан (ņekan) |
| 88 | back | нӣрӣ (nīrī) |
| 89 | breast | тыӈен (tiŋen), олкэ̄н (olkə̄n) |
| 90 | heart | ме̄вун (mēwun) |
| 91 | liver | ха̄кан (hākan) |
| 92 | to drink | колда̄й (koldāj) |
| 93 | to eat | дебдэ̄й (ʒeʙdə̄j) |
| 94 | to bite | ӣтмӯдэ̄й (ītmūdə̄j) |
| 95 | to suck | чимчада̄й (cimcadāj) |
| 96 | to spit | тумнӣда̄й (tumnīdāj) |
| 97 | to vomit | истэ̄й (istə̄j) |
| 98 | to blow | эдэндэ̄й (ədəndə̄j) |
| 99 | to breathe | хӣра̄да̄й (hīrādāj) |
| 100 | to laugh | ининдэ̄й (iņində̄j) |
| 101 | to see | иттэ̄й (ittə̄j) |
| 102 | to hear | долдада̄й (doldadāj) |
| 103 | to know | ха̄да̄й (hādāj) |
| 104 | to think | мулгатта̄й (mulgattāj) |
| 105 | to smell | ӈо̄сӯда̄й (ŋōsūdāj) |
| 106 | to fear | ӈэ̄лдэ̄й (ŋə̄ldə̄j) |
| 107 | to sleep | хуклэ̄дэ̄й (huklə̄də̄j) |
| 108 | to live | ӣндэ̄й (īndə̄j) |
| 109 | to die | дэрэмкэдэ̄й (dərəmkədə̄j), ко̄кэ̄дэ̄й (kōkə̄də̄j), кэӈэркӣдэ̄й (kəŋərkīdə̄j) |
| 110 | to kill | ма̄да̄й (mādāj) |
| 111 | to fight | дэлма̄тта̄й (dəlmāttāj) |
| 112 | to hunt | бую̄сте̄й (ʙujūstēj) |
| 113 | to hit | еттэ̄й (jettə̄j) |
| 114 | to cut | мӣнэ̄дэ̄й (mīnə̄də̄j) |
| 115 | to split | борӣтта̄й (ʙorīttāj) |
| 116 | to stab | ивэ̄дэ̄й (iwə̄də̄j) |
| 117 | to scratch | осӣда̄й (osīdāj) |
| 118 | to dig | улдэ̄й (uldə̄j) |
| 119 | to swim | тэлаганда̄й (təlagandāj) |
| 120 | to fly | дэгдэ̄й (dəgdə̄j) |
| 121 | to walk | геркада̄й (gerkadāj) |
| 122 | to come | эмдэ̄й (əmdə̄j) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | дэсчидэ̄й (dəscidə̄j) |
| 124 | to sit | тэгэттэ̄й (təgəttə̄j) |
| 125 | to stand | елатта̄й (jelattāj) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | утта̄й (uttāj) |
| 127 | to fall | тыктэ̄й (tiktə̄j) |
| 128 | to give | бӫдэ̄й (ʙjödə̄j) |
| 129 | to hold | дяватта̄й (ʒawattāj) |
| 130 | to squeeze | дявда̄й (ʒawdāj) |
| 131 | to rub | хэсӣдэ̄й (həsīdə̄j) |
| 132 | to wash | авда̄й (awdāj) |
| 133 | to wipe | тэстэ̄й (təstə̄j) |
| 134 | to pull | та̄нда̄й (tāndāj) |
| 135 | to push | туӈкэдэ̄й (tuŋkədə̄j) |
| 136 | to throw | улэ̄дэ̄й (ulə̄də̄j) |
| 137 | to tie | ӫнедэ̄й (jöņedə̄j) |
| 138 | to sew | хаӈа̄нда̄й (haŋāndāj) |
| 139 | to count | таӈатта̄й (taŋattāj) |
| 140 | to say | гӫндэ̄й (gjöndə̄j), тӫрэ̄дэ̄й (tjörə̄də̄j) |
| 141 | to sing | икэ̄дэ̄й (ikə̄də̄j) |
| 142 | to play | эвӣдэ̄й (əwīdə̄j) |
| 143 | to float | эе̄ндэ̄й (əjēndə̄j) |
| 144 | to flow | өӈкэлбэдэ̄й (öŋkəlʙədə̄j) |
| 145 | to freeze | иӈэмдэ̄й (iŋəmdə̄j) |
| 146 | to swell | кэбдурэндэ̄й (kəʙdurəndə̄j) |
| 147 | sun | нӫлтэн (ņöltən) |
| 148 | moon | бе̄г (ʙēg) |
| 149 | star | о̄сӣкат (ōsīkat) |
| 150 | water | мө̄ (mȫ) |
| 151 | rain | удан (udan) |
| 152 | river | ока̄т (okāt) |
| 153 | lake | төӈэр (töŋər) |
| 154 | sea | нам (nam) |
| 155 | salt | так (tak) |
| 156 | stone | дёл (ʒol) |
| 157 | sand | ониӈ (oņiŋ) |
| 158 | dust | булэ̄ (ʙulə̄) |
| 159 | earth | тө̄р (tȫr), дө̄мӈэ̄ (dȫmŋə̄) |
| 160 | cloud | төгэ̄чин (tögə̄cin) |
| 161 | fog | танма̄рӣ (tanmārī) |
| 162 | sky | ня̄нин (ņāņin) |
| 163 | wind | эдэн (ədən) |
| 164 | snow | еманра (jemanra) |
| 165 | ice | вөкес (wökes) |
| 166 | smoke | ха̄нин (hāņin) |
| 167 | fire | тог (tog) |
| 168 | ash | хултэ̄н (hultə̄n) |
| 169 | to burn | дурӯдэ̄й (durūdə̄j) |
| 170 | road | хоторан (hotoran), хот (hot) |
| 171 | mountain | урэ̄кчэ̄н (urə̄kcə̄n) |
| 172 | red | хуланя̄ (hulaņā) |
| 173 | green | чӯлбаня̄ (cūlʙaņā) |
| 174 | yellow | хиӈаня̄ (hiŋaņā) |
| 175 | white | хёбати (hjoʙati) |
| 176 | black | хакарӣн (hakarīn) |
| 177 | night | долбонӣ (dolʙonī) |
| 178 | day | инэӈ (inəŋ) |
| 179 | year | анӈан (anŋan) |
| 180 | warm | ням (ņam) |
| 181 | cold | гелсӣ (gelsī) |
| 182 | full | милтэрэ̄ (miltərə̄) |
| 183 | new | анӈамта (anŋamta) |
| 184 | old | хагды̄ (hagdī) |
| 185 | good | ай (aj) |
| 186 | bad | кэ̄не̄лӣ (kə̄ņēlī) |
| 187 | rotten | мунӈийэ̄ (munŋijə̄) |
| 188 | dirty | няӈсамнан (ņaŋsamnan) |
| 189 | straight | ӈӯн (ŋūn) |
| 190 | round | мэрэ̄ты (mərə̄ti) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | эмэр (əmər) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | муткӣя̄ (mutkījā) |
| 193 | smooth | булдуты̄ (ʙuldutī) |
| 194 | wet | улакча̄ (ulakcā) |
| 195 | dry | илэӈ (iləŋ) |
| 196 | correct | айдит (ajʒit) |
| 197 | near | эвуг (əwug) |
| 198 | far | гор (gor), тэгэ̄ (təgə̄) |
| 199 | right | а̄ӈаг (āŋag) |
| 200 | left | дэгэӈэг (dəgəŋəg) |
| 201 | at | -ла̄ (-lā), -л̄э̄ (-l̄ə̄), на̄ (nā), н̄э̄ (n̄ə̄) |
| 202 | in | -ла̄ (-lā), -л̄э̄ (-l̄ə̄), на̄ (nā), н̄э (n̄ə) |
| 203 | with | -дук (-duk), -тук (-tuk), -кӣч (-kīc), -гӣч (-gīc), -ӈӣч (-ŋīc) |
| 204 | and | да̄ (dā), -дэ̄ (-də̄), -та̄ (-tā), -тэ̄ (-tə̄) |
| 205 | if | -рак (-rak), -рэк (-rək), -дак (-dak), -дэк (-dək), -так (-tak), -тэк (-tək), -сак (-sak), -сэк (-sək), -ак (-ak), -эк (-ək), -мӣ (-mī) |
| 206 | because | -рак (-rak), -рэк (-rək), -дак (-dak), -дэк (-dək), -так (-tak), -тэк (-tək), -сак (-sak), -сэк (-sək), -ак (-ak), -эк (-ək), -мӣ (-mī) |
| 207 | name | гэрбэ (gərʙə) |