Appendix:Wordhood
This appendix deals with the question of what a word is, or wordhood. It is interesting for our readers and also for project-internal purposes.
Let us get an impression of what is behind the question using English examples:
- "cat" is a word.
- Are "cat" and "cats" two words?
- Is "blueness" a word?
- Is "ouch" a word?
- Is "bookshop" a word?
- Is "thru" a real word?
- Is "green leaf" a word?
- Is "black hole" a word?
- How many words are in "cat" entry?
- One word per sense?
- One word per section separated by etymology or part of speech?
- Is "the cat that is on the mat" a word?
- Is "rain cats and dogs" a word?
- Is "all roads lead to Rome" a word?
- Is "Peter" a word?
- Is "London" a word?
- Is "Microsoft" a word?
- Is "Gondor" a word?
- Is a putative word only used by a single family a word?
- Is a putative word only used in print by a single person a word?
- Is a putative word only used once by someone a word?
- Is a putative word that is morphologically plausible, say a -ness one, that no one has ever used a word?
- Is an non-conventionalized interjection-like utterance revealing pain or dismay a word?
Different sorts of words are recognized:
- orthographic word[1]
- phonological word[2]
- morphological word[1]
- grammatical word[1]
- lexical word[1]
- syntactic word[3][4]
- morphosyntactic word[5]
- onomastic word[1]
- lexicographical word[1]
Morphology stands in contrast to syntax: morphological words are morphologically composed while phrases and sentences are syntactically composed. Thus, "blueness" is morphologically composed from "blue" and "-ness" while "the cat that is on the mat" is syntactically composed from its words. However, the boundary between morphology and syntax is not sharp and is subject to an ongoing discussion and research.[6][7] Is "White House", arguably a compound, morphologically composed or syntactically composed?
A cross-linguistic notion of "word" is something some are skeptical about.[8]
For Chinese, some argue it has no English-like words at all.[9]
Clitics are special: the term tends to refer to things appearing word-like syntactically, but morpheme-like phonologically.[10] Udi is one language with clitics.[11]
Polysynthetic languages such as Mohawk[12] are subject to special treatment and investigation as for wordhood.[13]
Proper nouns[edit]
Single-word proper nouns are words. They are defined as a species of nouns,[14][15] the only caveat being that both "proper noun" and "noun" are often used in reference to multiple orthographic words. Proper nouns are pronounced, spelled, inflected, can have gender, take positions in sentences, and succeed in referring to individual entities. Some restrict the term "proper noun" to orthographic words and use the term "proper name" to cover both single-word and multi-word names.[15][16] In keeping with the narrow usage, one source states that "Proper noun labels a grammatical class of single words that may alone or in construction with other words (of the same or different class) be used as names."[17] See also Appendix:English proper nouns.
A brand name is a species of name[18] and therefore a word or phrase. A brand name is to be distinguished from brand.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Word, encyclopedia.com
- ^ Beyond grammatical and phonological words by Adam Tallman
- ^ Syntactic words and morphological words, simple and composite* by Arnold Zwicky, 1990
- ^ Delimiting the Syntactic Word by Peter Svenonius, 2018
- ^ Introduction to Morphology by Farrell Ackerman and Henry Beecher, grammar.ucsd.edu
- ^ Minimalism and morphology* by Laura Kalin and Philipp Weisser, 2022
- ^ Semiwords and affixoids: the territory between word and affix by István Kenesei, 2007
- ^ he indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax by Martin Haspelmath
- ^ Wordhood and Disyllabicity in Chinese by James Myers
- ^ Clitics, anti-clitics, and weak words: Towards a typology of prosodic and syntagmatic dependence by Tim Zingler, 2022
- ^ The Nature of the Word, people.umass.edu/acharris
- ^ Word by Marianne Mithun, 1998
- ^ The 'word' in polysynthetic languages: Phonological and syntactic challenges, by Balthasar Bickel and Fernando Zúñiga, 2017
- ^ “proper noun”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Proper noun, encyclopedia.com
- ^ The morphosyntax of proper names: An overview by Barbara Schlücker and Tanja Ackermann, 2017
- ^ Searle’s theory of proper names, from a linguistic point of view by Michael J. Evans and Rainer Wimmer
- ^ “brand name”, in Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 1999–present.
