Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kōpijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵab-, *ǵeb- (“to look after”). Cognate with Lithuanian gebėti (“to cultivate, maintain, be able”), Russian забо́та (zabóta, “care, concern, attention”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kōpijaną

1. to look after, observe
2. to watch, keep, care for

Inflection

Conjugation of *kōpijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kōpijō	*kōpijaų	—	*kōpijai	?
2nd singular	*kōpīsi	*kōpijais	*kōpī	*kōpijasai	*kōpijaisau
3rd singular	*kōpīþi	*kōpijai	*kōpijaþau	*kōpijaþai	*kōpijaiþau
1st dual	*kōpijōs	*kōpijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kōpijaþiz	*kōpijaiþiz	*kōpijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kōpijamaz	*kōpijaim	—	*kōpijanþai	*kōpijainþau
2nd plural	*kōpīþ	*kōpijaiþ	*kōpīþ	*kōpijanþai	*kōpijainþau
3rd plural	*kōpijanþi	*kōpijain	*kōpijanþau	*kōpijanþai	*kōpijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kōpidǭ	*kōpidēdį̄
2nd singular	*kōpidēz	*kōpidēdīz
3rd singular	*kōpidē	*kōpidēdī
1st dual	*kōpidēdū	*kōpidēdīw
2nd dual	*kōpidēdudiz	*kōpidēdīdiz
1st plural	*kōpidēdum	*kōpidēdīm
2nd plural	*kōpidēdud	*kōpidēdīd
3rd plural	*kōpidēdun	*kōpidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*kōpijandz	*kōpidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kōpijan
  • Old English: cēpan
    • Middle English: kepen
      • English: keep
      • Scots: kepe, keip
  • ⇒ Old English: *cōpnian
    • Middle English: copnen
  • Old Frisian: *kēpa
    • West Frisian: kipe, kippe, kypje
• Old Norse: kópa
  • Icelandic: kópa
  • Norwegian Bokmål: kope
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: kope