Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tęžiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Denominal causative from *tęgъ (“traction”) +‎ *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ- (“to pull”). Doublet of *tǫžiti, an inherited form.

In Bulgarian and Macedonian, this verb specifically covers telic actions, the atelic being reflected by the mixed ě/i-conjugation Proto-Slavic *tęžati (their present stems are identical). In the remaining languages, the verb is impefective.

Verb

*tęžìti

1. to weigh, to burden
2. to struggle

Inflection

Conjugation of *tęžiti, *tęži, *tęžitь (perf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tęženьje	*tęžiti	*tęžitъ	*tęžilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tęženъ	—
Active	*tęžь	—

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tęžixъ	*tęži	*tęži	*tęžǫ	*tęžiši	*tęžitь
Dual	*tęžixově	*tęžista	*tęžiste	*tęživě	*tęžita	*tęžite
Plural	*tęžixomъ	*tęžiste	*tęžišę	*tęžimъ	*tęžite	*tęžętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	—	—	—	—	*tęži	*tęži
Dual	—	—	—	*tęživě	*tęžita	—
Plural	—	—	—	*tęžimъ	*tęžite	—

Notes:
• (*)*tęživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle
• In perfective verbs, present expresses future

Conjugation of *tęžiti, *tęži, *tęžitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tęženьje	*tęžiti	*tęžitъ	*tęžilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tęženъ	*tęžimъ
Active	*tęžь	*tęžę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tęžixъ	*tęži	*tęži	*tęžǫ	*tęžiši	*tęžitь
Dual	*tęžixově	*tęžista	*tęžiste	*tęživě	*tęžita	*tęžite
Plural	*tęžixomъ	*tęžiste	*tęžišę	*tęžimъ	*tęžite	*tęžętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tęžaaxъ	*tęžaaše	*tęžaaše	—	*tęži	*tęži
Dual	*tęžaaxově	*tęžaašeta	*tęžaašete	*tęživě	*tęžita	—
Plural	*tęžaaxomъ	*tęžaašete	*tęžaaxǫ	*tęžimъ	*tęžite	—

Notes:
• (*)*tęživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

• *tęgti, *tędzati (“to pull”)
• *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
• *tęžestь (“wight”)
• *tǫga (“sadness, burden”)
• *tǫgъ (“tight, solid, tough”)

Derived terms

• *težina (“weight”)
• *težьba (“heaviness”)
• *tęža (“heaviness, gravitation”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Ukrainian: тяжи́ти (tjažýty)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: те́жа (téža) (partially, rare)
  • Macedonian: тежи (teži) (partially, rare)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: те́жити

    Latin script: téžiti

  • Slovene: težīti
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: těžit (“to mine”)
  • Polish: ciążyć
  • Slovak: ťažiť

Further reading

• Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “тежа”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 889