Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *gula (“edge, eyelashes”), Proto-Uralic *kuľma (“eyebrow, eye corner”), see Finnish kulma. Compare also Mongolian гулдан (guldan, “arch”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*kāĺ

1. eyebrow (Common Turkic)
2. edge, side, corner (Common Turkic)

Declension

Declension of *kāĺ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kāĺ
Accusative	*kāĺnï, *kāĺïg 4), *kāĺnïg 1)
Genitive	*kāĺnïŋ
Dative	*kāĺka
Locative	*kāĺta
Ablative	*kāĺtan
Allative	*kāĺgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kāĺïn
Equative 2)	*kāĺča
Similative 2)	*kāĺlayu
Comitative 2)	*kāĺlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: qâş
• Proto-Oghuz: *kāš
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: qaş
    • Ottoman Turkish: قاش (kaş)
      • Gagauz: kaş
      • Turkish: kaş
  • Salar: gaş (“edge”)
  • Turkmen: gāş
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قاشْ (qāš)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: قاش (qaš)
      • Chagatai: قاش (qaš)
        • Uyghur: قاش (qash)
        • Uzbek: qosh
• Kipchak: قاش (qaš), cas
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: ҡаш (qaş)
    • Tatar: каш (qaş) / qaş
  • West Kipchak
    • Crimean Tatar: qaş
    • Karachay-Balkar: къаш (qaş)
    • Karaim: къаш, каш, кас
    • Kumyk: къаш (qaş)
  • Central Kipchak
    • Karakalpak: qas
    • Kazakh: қас (qas)
    • Nogai: кас (kas)
  • East Kipchak
    • Kyrgyz: каш (kaş)
    • Southern Altai: каш (kaš)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱁 (qaš)
    • Old Uyghur: q̈՚š (qaš)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: каас (kaas)
    • Yakut: хаас (qaas)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas: хас (xas), кас (kas)
      • Shor: қаш
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: хаш
      • Tuvan: каш (kaş)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*K(i)āĺ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ka:ş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 669