Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kạyïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *xońi (“sand; dirt”), whence Even [script needed] (ońịŋ, “sand; dirt”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*kạyïr

1. salt steppe
2. sandbank
3. gravel
4. sand

   Synonym: *kum

Declension

Declension of *kạyïr

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kạyïr
Accusative	*kạyïrnï, *kạyïrïg 4), *kạyïrnïg 1)
Genitive	*kạyïrnïŋ
Dative	*kạyïrka
Locative	*kạyïrta
Ablative	*kạyïrtan
Allative	*kạyïrgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kạyïrïn
Equative 2)	*kạyïrča
Similative 2)	*kạyïrlayu
Comitative 2)	*kạyïrlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хӑйӑр (hăjăr, “sand”)

• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: qayır, qayraq
      • Ottoman Turkish: قاير (kayır)
        • Turkish: kayır (“sand”)
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: gaýyr (“gravel; sand”)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qayır, “salt steppe; sand”)
    • Uzbek: qayir (“gravel”)
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Kumyk: къайыр (qayır, “gravel”)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: қайыр (qayır, “sandbank”)
    • Kazakh: қайыр (qaiyr, “sandbank”)
    • Nogai: къайыр (k”ayır, “sand”)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: кайыр (kayïr, “salt marsh”)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • ⇒ Yakut: хайыр таас (qayır taas, “gravel”)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: хайыр (xayır, “salt steppe”)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kạyïr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, pages 221-222
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 678
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 206, 217
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 97