User:Catonif/adunqua

*(a)dunqua

all these entries have very confused etymologies, like dumque, ad hunc, dunc, tunc or whatever, its confusing. that's why im trying to make some sense of it.

edit: see dunc for page and Talk:dunc for discussion.

etymology

• ad hunc influenced by adverb umquam. if in a sentence in Italian I replace dunque with a questo (direct translation of ad hunc) it sounds like a plausible synonym for all of its meanings (interjection "so", causal "thus", temporal "then"), cf. perciò.
• dumquam < dum 'while' ~ unquam (no *a-, and semantically far)
• dunc < dum ~ tunc 'then' (presuming the -qua is still from unquam) (no *a-, though semantically reasonable)
• ad tunc (would be *-tt- instead of *-d-, and it seems meanigless to put ad before an adverb)

reconstruction

• IPA^(key): /(a)ˈdʊn.kwa/
• initial */a-/ falls in most spoken varieties eventually, found more often in literacy. it is possible that the /a-/ wasn't present in the original form and was added later, cf. Neapolitan ajere < Latin hier ("yesterday"), Romanesco arègge < Italian reggere.
• some Western Romance varieties gain word ending */-s/
• Tuscan (as well as Ligurian and Sicilian which could be borrowed?) shift word ending */-a/ to */-e/, possibly also because of the above-mentioned */-s/ (/-e/ < */-aj/ < /-as/, a shift common to all Italo-Dalmatian languages, e.g. barche < barcas).

meaning

1. then
2. thus
3. so

cognates

• Italo-Dalmatian
  • Tuscan dunque, common modern usage in Standard Italian. the shift /-e/ < */-a/ can also be found in other averbs like unque (< unqua) or oltre (< oltra). common variation include
    • predictable alternative forms, like the lack of Tuscan anaphonesis (leading to /ˈo/ instead of /ˈu/), and e-labialization of /kʷ/ to /k/, usally absent but found in terms of common usage (cfr. che, chi)
    • initial /a-/, now fell in disuse but still a common realization of the word in early works
    • when the /a-/ is present, the /d/ is sporadically found geminated /dd/ (though the single version /d/ is more common) which is presumably a result of ad attached to the already apocoped version, or the original older version of the word before it lost the gemination (highly unlikely, I couldn't find any example of this occurring elsewhere)
    • word ending /-a/, respecting the reconstruction, without the shift to /-e/
  • Neapolitan adonca with initial a-
  • Sicilian dunca
    • addunca, see point of geminated /dd/ on Tuscan cognate
    • dunchi, with the -i (< -e) probably borrowed from Tuscan
    • annunca, related
  • Dalmatian duanc, /-wa-/ < */-o-/ in closed sillables (cf. bualp)
• Gallo-Italic
  • Ligurian dónca or dunca, anyways, pronounced with /ˈu/ (< /ˈo/)
    • dunque, (even though I thought it was written with ⟨o⟩? cf. lóngo. are we not using one standard orthography?). the -e resembles the Tuscan version.
  • Lombard donca
  • Venetian adónca
• Rhaeto-Romance
  • Friulian doncje, -cje < */-ka/
  • Ladin donca
• Franco-Provençal
  • Valdôtain adónca ([1])
• Occitano-Romance
  • Catalan donc, doncs with an attached un-etymological -s, common of Western Romance (donchs is an older orthography using ⟨ch⟩ for final /k/)
  • Occitan donc, doncas with the Western -s preserves the a.
• Old Spanish doncas
• Oïl
  • Old French donkes (with Western -s), adonc (with initial a-), dunc (unexpected raising? idk Anglo-Normal)
  • Middle French donc (adonc) < doncques (adoncques)
  • French donc, with the /k/ pronounced, (literary: adonc)
• Sardinian dunca, proving that /o/ < ŭ