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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Latin[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From a fusion of two verb suffixes: inchoative -ēscō and denominative-causative -iō.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈeːs.koː/, [ˈeːs̠koː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈes.ko/, [ˈɛsko]
Suffix[edit]
*-ēscō
- (Vulgar Latin, intransitive) {{n-g|Forms inchoative verbs from adjectives.
- (Vulgar Latin, transitive) {{n-g|Forms causative verbs from adjectives.
Conjugation[edit]
Italo-Western Romance conjugation of *-ēscō
| infinitive | *-írę | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | *-ę́ntẹs | ||||||
| gerund | *-ę́ndọ | ||||||
| past participle | *-ítọ | ||||||
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| simple tenses | present | *-ẹ́scọ | *-ẹ́scẹs | *-ẹ́scẹt | *-ímọs | *-ítẹs | *-ẹ́scọnt |
| imperfect | *-ívã | *-ívas | *-ívat | *-ivámọs | *-ivátẹs | *-ívant | |
| perfect | *-íi | *-ísti | *-ít | *-ímmọs | *-ístẹs | *-írọnt | |
| pluperfect | *-írã | *-íras | *-írat | *-irámọs | *-irátẹs | *-írant | |
| future perfect | *-írẽ | *-írẹs | *-írẹt | *-írẹmọs | *-írẹtẹs | *-írẹnt | |
| future | *-írę áviọ | *-írę ávẹs | *-írę ávęt | *-írę avẹ́mọs | *-írę avẹ́tẹs | *-írę ávęnt | |
| compound tenses | perfect | *áviọ -ítọ | *ávẹs -ítọ | *ávęt -ítọ | *avẹ́mọs -ítọ | *avẹ́tẹs -ítọ | *ávęnt -ítọ |
| pluperfect | *avẹ́vã -ítọ | *avẹ́vas -ítọ | *avẹ́vat -ítọ | *avẹvámọ -ítọ | *avẹvátẹs -ítọ | *avẹ́vant -ítọ | |
| future perfect | *avẹ́rę áviọ -ítọ | *avẹ́rę ávẹs -ítọ | *avẹ́rę ávęt -ítọ | *avẹ́rę avẹ́mọs -ítọ | *avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs -ítọ | *avẹ́rę ávęnt -ítọ | |
| conditional | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present | *-írę avẹ́vã | *-írę avẹ́vas | *-írę avẹ́vat | *-írę avẹvámọs | *-írę avẹvátẹs | *-írę avẹ́vant | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present | *-ẹ́scã | *-ẹ́scas | *-ẹ́scat | *-iámọs | *-iátẹs | *-ẹ́scant | |
| imperfect | *-írẽ | *-írẹs | *-íręt | *-irẹ́mọs | *-irẹ́tẹs | *-íręnt | |
| pluperfect | *-íssẽ | *-íssẹs | *-íssęt | *-issẹ́mọs | *-issẹ́tẹs | *-íssęnt | |
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| — | second | — | — | second | — | ||
| present | — | *-ẹ́scę | — | — | *-ítę | — | |
Eastern Romance conjugation of *-ēscō
| infinitive | *-írę | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | *-ę́ntẹs | ||||||
| gerund | *-ę́ndo | ||||||
| past participle | *-ítu | ||||||
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| simple tenses | present | *-ẹ́sco | *-ẹ́scẹs | *-ẹ́scẹt | *-ímus | *-ítẹs | *-ẹ́scunt |
| imperfect | *-ívã | *-ívas | *-ívat | *-ivámus | *-ivátẹs | *-ívant | |
| perfect | *-íi | *-ísti | *-ít | *-ímmus | *-ístẹs | *-írunt | |
| future perfect | *-írẽ | *-írẹs | *-írẹt | *-írẹmus | *-írẹtẹs | *-írẹnt | |
| compound tenses | perfect | *ávio -ítu | *ávẹs -ítu | *ávęt -ítu | *avẹ́mus -ítu | *avẹ́tẹs -ítu | *ávęnt -ítu |
| pluperfect | *avẹ́vã -ítu | *avẹ́vas -ítu | *avẹ́vat -ítu | *avẹvámu -ítu | *avẹvátẹs -ítu | *avẹ́vant -ítu | |
| future perfect | *avẹ́rę ávio -ítu | *avẹ́rę ávẹs -ítu | *avẹ́rę ávęt -ítu | *avẹ́rę avẹ́mus -ítu | *avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs -ítu | *avẹ́rę ávęnt -ítu | |
| future | *vǫ́lio -írę | *vę́lẹs -írę | *vǫ́lęt -írę | *vǫlẹ́mus -írę | *vǫlẹ́tẹs -írę | *vǫ́lẹnt -írę | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present | *-ẹ́scã | *-ẹ́scas | *-ẹ́scat | *-iámus | *-iátẹs | *-ẹ́scant | |
| pluperfect | *-íssẽ | *-íssẹs | *-íssęt | *-issẹ́mus | *-issẹ́tẹs | *-íssęnt | |
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
This suffix, nowadays a simple interfix, only survives on the peripheries of Romance, and in Ibero-Romance competed with and was eventually ousted by original -ēscō, with only a few defective verbs remaining as relics. Elsewhere in Romance, it was displaced by the later development *-īscō.
- Aromanian: -esc-
- Catalan: -eix-
- Franco-Provençal: -éss-
- Ladin: -esc-
- Romanian: -esc-
- Romansch: -esch-