User:LatinGuy87
Salve, this is LegoGuy87, I have been here for about a year. I am primarily going to edit pages concerning to Latin, Vulgar Latin, and Spanish for the most part. If anyone has questions concerning Vulgar Latin reconstructions or translating questions, you can always come to me for advice or help.
- author, Biblia Sacra Vulgāta book:
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| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
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Latin to Romance[edit]
Univerbations[edit]
| Latin | Proto-Romance | Italian | Spanish | French | Romanian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dē intus | deintus | N/A | N/A | dans | N/A |
| dē forīs | deforis | N/A | N/A | dehors | N/A |
| dē ex | dess | N/A | des, desde | dès | N/A |
| dē ab | da | da | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| dē māne | demane | domani | N/A | demain | dimineață |
| dē intrō | deintro | dentro | dentro | N/A | N/A |
| dē post | depost | dopo | depues | N/A | după |
| dē retrō | deretro | dietro, indietro | N/A | derrière | îndărăt |
| dē trāns | detras | N/A | detrás | N/A | N/A |
| dē ubi | duvi | dove | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| dē unde | dunde | donde | donde | dont | N/A |
| dum interim | dumintre | mentre | mientras | N/A | N/A |
| per hoc | pero | però | pero | N/A | N/A |
| prīma uēra | primavera | primavera | primavera | primevère | primăvară |
| per quid | perqui | perché | porque | parce que | N/A |
| hanc hōram | ancora | ancora | N/A | encore | N/A |
| hāc hōrā | acora | N/A | ahora | N/A | N/A |
| ante annum | anteannu | N/A | antaño | antan | N/A |
| hōc annō | ocanno | N/A | hogaño | N/A | N/A |
| tam magnus | tamannu | tamagno | tamaño | N/A | N/A |
| ab ante | avante | avanti | N/A | avant | înainte |
| ad satis | assatis | assai | N/A | assez | N/A |
Denominatives[edit]
| Latin | Proto-Romance | Italian | Spanish | French | Romanian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ex cappā | escappare | scappare | escapar | échapper | scăpa |
| in uiā | inviare | inviare | enviar | envoyer | N/A |
Other collocations[edit]
| Latin | Proto-Romance | Italian | Spanish | French | Romanian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [sed] magis | mais | ma | mas | mais | N/A |
Morphological Evolution[edit]
Verbs[edit]
Conjugations[edit]
Tenses[edit]
Future Indicative[edit]
In Latin, the Future Indicative tense was synthetic, formed by adding: -bo,-bis,-bit,-bimus,-bitis,-bunt in 1st and 2nd conjugations; & -am,-es,-et,-emus,-etis,-ent in 3rd and 4th conjugations.
With the loss of vowel length and betacism, these forms became somehard hard to distinguish with other tenses: some of the 1st and 2nd future conjugated forms became more similar if not outright homophonous to the perfect forms; if further reduced, they resemble the present forms:
| 1st Conjugation | Future | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cantābō | cantābis | cantābit | cantābimus | cantābitis | cantābunt |
| /kanˈtaː.boː/ | /kanˈtaː.bis/ | /kanˈtaː.bit/ | /kanˈtaː.bi.mus/ | /kanˈtaː.bi.tis/ | /kanˈtaː.bunt/ |
| /kanˈta.βo/ /kanˈtao̯/ |
/kanˈta.βes/ /kanˈtau̯(s)/ |
/kanˈta.βet/ /kanˈtau̯(ð)/ |
/kanˈta.βe.mʊs/ /kanˈta.mʊ(s)/ |
/kanˈta.βe.tes/ /kanˈta.(ð)e(s)/ |
/kanˈta.βʊnt/ /kanˈtau̯n(ð)/ |
| 1st Conjugation | Perfect | ||||
| cantāuī | cantāuistī cantāstī |
cantāuit | cantāuimus | cantāuistis cantāstis |
cantāuērunt cantārunt |
| /kanˈtaː.wiː/ | /kan.taːˈwis.tiː/ /kan.ˈtaːs.tiː/ |
/kanˈtaː.wit/ | /kanˈtaː.wi.mus/ | /kan.taːˈwis.tis/ /kan.ˈtaːs.tis/ |
/kan.taːˈweː.runt/ /kan.ˈtaː.runt/ |
| /kanˈta.βi/ /kanˈtai̯/ |
/kan.taˈβes.ti/ /kan.ˈtas.ti/ |
/kanˈta.βet/ /kanˈtau̯(ð)/ |
/kanˈta.βe.mʊs/ /kanˈta.mʊ(s)/ |
/kan.taˈβes.tes/ /kan.ˈtas.te(s)/ |
/kan.taˈβe.rʊnt/ /kan.ˈta.rʊn(ð)/ |
| 1st Conjugation | Present | ||||
| cantō | cantās | cantat | cantāmus | cantātis | cantānt |
| /ˈkan.toː/ | /ˈkan.taːs/ | /ˈkan.tat/ | /kanˈtaː.mus/ | /kanˈtaː.tis/ | /ˈkan.tant/ |
| /ˈkan.to/ | /ˈkan.ta(s)/ | /ˈkan.tat/ /ˈkan.ta(ð)/ |
/kanˈta.mʊ(s)/ | /kanˈta.tes/ /kanˈta.(ð)e(s)/ |
/ˈkan.tant/ /ˈkan.tan(ð)/ |
The 3rd and 4th future conjugated forms became more similar to the present indicative forms with the help of collapse of vowel lengths and opening of the front close unrounded vowel; & the first person singular conjugation was already the same in spelling as the present subjunctive form (only distinguished by context):
* vēndēmus (CL /weːnˈdeː.mus/ > PR /βenˈde.mʊs/)
* vēndimus (CL /ˈweːn.di.mus/ > PR /ˈβen.de.mʊs/)
(The only difference between these forms was the accent, but overtime the future forms pervailed over the present forms as the stress became predominately penultimate in Romance (this could also be influenced from the 2nd conjugation), the future quality got lost in this process. We see this exemplified in the fossilized form eres in Spanish [you are] from the Latin future eris [you will be])
With the fading of the synthetic forms, the future was rendered through periphrastic means, they were numerous even during the Classical era of the language: