User:Rex Aurorum/Indonesian

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Table 1[edit]

Letter/Diagraph IPA broad IPA narrow
Now H/O[1] Initial[2] Final[3] Initial[2] Final[3]
A, a /a/ [a]
B, b /b/ /p/[4] [b] [p̚][4][5]
C, c Tj, tj /t͡ʃ/ none[6] [t͡ʃ][5] none[6]
D, d /d/ /t/[4] [d] [t̚][4][5]
E, e or ê ê /ə/ [ə]
E, e or é é /e/ [e]
E, e or è é /ɛ/ [ɛ]
F, f /f/ [f]
G, g /ɡ/ /k/ [ɡ] [k̚][5]
G, g GH, gh /ɣ/ [ɣ]
H, h /h/ [h]
I, i /i/ /ɪ/ [i] [ɪ]
J, j Dj, dj /d͡ʒ/ [d͡ʒ]
K, k /k/ /k/ [k] [k̚][5]
K, k ' none /ʔ/ none [ʔ]
L, l /l/ [l]
M, m /m/ [m]
N, n /n/ [n]
O, o /o/ /ɔ/ [o] [ɔ]
P, /p/ [p] [p̚][5]
Q, q /k/ [k̚]
R, r /r/ [r]
S, s /s/ [s]
T, t /t/ [t] [t̚][5]
U, u Oe, oe /u/ /ʊ/ [u] [ʊ]
V, v /f/ [f]
W, w /w/ [w]
X, x /s/ /ks/ [s] [ks]
Y, y J, j /j/ [j]
Z, z /z/ /s/ [z] [s]
KH, kh CH, ch /x/ [x]
NG, ng /ŋ/ [ŋ]
NY, ny NJ, nj /ɲ/ none[6] [ɲ] none[6]
SY, sy SJ, sj /ʃ/ [ʃ]
AI, ai /ai̯/ or /ai/ /ai̯/ [ai̯] or [aji̯] [ai̯]
AU, au /au̯/ or /au/ /au̯/ [au̯] or [aʷu] [au̯]
EI, ei - /ei̯/ or /ei/ /ei̯/ [ei̯] [eji] [ei̯]
OI, oi /oi̯/ or /oi/ /ʊi̯/ [oi̯] or [oji] [ʊi̯]
  1. ^ Historical or optional.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 initial syllable.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 For consonants: final position. For vowels: final closed syllable.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Devoiced.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Applosive.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Never occured.

Pronounciation patterns/rules[edit]

  • Consonants(1): c /t͡ʃ/, [t͡ʃ]; f /f/, [f], h /h/, [h], j /d͡ʒ/, [d͡ʒ]; l /l/, [l]; m /m/, [m]; n /n/, [n]; p /p/, [p]; q /k/, [k]; r /r/, [r]; s /s/, [s]; t /t/, [t], v /f/, [f]; w /w/, [w]; y /j/, [j]; z /z/, [z]
  • Consonants(2): x /s/, [s] or /ks/, [ks]
  • Consonants(3): b /b/, [b]; d /d/, [d]; g /ɡ/, [ɡ]; k /k/, [k]
    • Unrealeased stop: b [p̚], d [t̚], g [k̚], k [k̚], p [p̚], q [k̚], t [t̚]
    • Final-obstruent devocing: b /p/, d /t/, g /k/
  • Consonants(4): k /k/, /ʔ/
  • Digraph: kh /x/, [x]; ng /ŋ/, [ŋ]; ny /ɲ/, [ɲ]; sy /ʃ/, [ʃ]
  • Diphtongs: ai /ai̯/, [ai̯]; au /au̯/ [au̯]; ei /ei̯/, [ei̯]; oi /oi̯/, [oi̯]
  • Vowels(1): a /a/, [a]
  • Vowels(2): i /i/, [i] - /ɪ/, [ɪ]; o /o/, [o] - /ɔ/, [ɔ]; /u/, [u] - /ʊ/, [ʊ]
  • Vowels(3): e /ə/, [ə] - /e/, [e] - /ɛ/, [ɛ]

syllabification pattern[edit]

  • C= C1 & C2 & C3
  • C1= Consonants: (1) b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n , p, r, s, t, z (2) c, w
  • C2= Digraph: kh, ng, ny, sy
  • C3= Clusters : (1) bl, dl, fl, gl, jl, kl, pl, sl, (2) br, cr, dr, fr, gr, jr, kr, nr, pr, sr, tr (3) ps; (4) kw, sw (5) sk, sm, sn, sp (6) skr, spr, str (7) skl (8) by, dy, gy, sy
  • V= V1 & V2
  • V1= Vowels
  • V2= Diphtongs
  • C1V1.V1C1 (VV: aa, ai, ao, au, ua, ue, ui, uu, ia, ii, io, iu, oa, oi, oo) (ex: sa.at)
  • C1V1.C1V1 (ex: da.ta)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ma.sa.lah)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ke.mu.ra.han)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C2 (ex: se.ka.rang; ta.la.ngan)
  • C1V1.CV1C1
    • C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: be.rat)
      • C1V1.C1V1C1.C1V2 (ex: se.lam.pai)
    • C1V1.C2V1C1 (ex: ja.ngan)
    • C1V1.C3V1C1 (ex: ma.tras)
  • C1V1C1.C1V1 (ex: den.da)
    • C1V1C1.C1V1.C1V1 (ex: sen.di.ri)
  • C1V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: can.tik)
  • C1V1C2.C1V1C1 (C2C: syd, syr, ngg, ngk, ngs) (ex: tang.kas)
  • C1V1C2.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: tang.ka.pan)
  • C1V1C2.C1V2 (ex: tang.kai)
  • C2V1C1 (ex: khas)
    • C2V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: khid.mat)
  • C2V1.C1V1C1 (ex: khu.sus)
  • C2V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: kha.la.yak)
  • C2V1.C2V1C1 (ex: khu.syuk)
  • C3V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: kra.si.kan)
  • C3V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: stan.dar)
  • V1.C1V1C1 (ex: a.yam)
  • V1C2.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ikh.ti.sar)
  • V1C2.C1V1C1 (ex: ikh.las)
  • V1.C1V1C2 (ex: a.dang)
    • V1.C1V1C2.C1V1C1 (ex: a.lang.kah)
  • V1.C1V1.C1V1.C1V1 (ex: a.be.ra.si)
  • V1.C2V1C1 (ex: a.khir)
  • V1.C2V1.C1V1C1 (ex: a.nya.man)
  • V1C1.C1V1 (ex: an.da)
    • V1C1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: un.da.kan)
  • V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: in.dah)
  • V1C1.C1V1C2 (ex: an.jang)
  • V1C1.C1V3 (ex: an.dai)

Table 2[edit]

Common[edit]

Name standard merged to
Figura–pigura merger /f/ and /p/ /p/
Khas–kas merger /x/ and /k/ /k/
Khas–has merger /x/ and /h/ /h/
Kalai–kale merger /ai̯/ and /ɛ/ /ɛ/
Mental–mental merger /ə/ and /ɛ/ /ɛ/

spesific[edit]

Region/Speaker of standard merged to description
initial first middle final
Batak /ə/ /ə/ /e/
/e/ /e/ /ə/
Buginese /p/, /b/, /d/, /t/, /k/, /h/ /ʔ/
/m/, /n/ /ŋ/
/f/ /f/ /p/
/ə/ /a/
/ə/ /e/
/ə/ /i/
/o/ /o/ /u/
/i/ /e/
/u/ /o/
/a/ /ə/
/ai̯/ /e/
/au̯/ /o/
/h/ /h/ ∅ obsolete or nonstandard characters (∅), invalid IPA characters (∅)
/ks/ /ss/
/kt/ /tt/
Javanese /k/, /ʔ/ /ʔ/
Manado Malay /ə/ /a/
/ai̯/ /e/
/ai̯/ /i/
/au̯/ /o/
/t/, /k/, /h/ ∅ obsolete or nonstandard characters (∅), invalid IPA characters (∅)
Maluku or North Maluku /k/, /ʔ/ [k̚]
Minangkabau /p/, /d/, /t/, /k/ /ʔ/
West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara /k/, /ʔ/ [kʰ]

Ref[edit]

Fauziah, Lita Rizki. (2015). Language Interference of Batak Angkola-Mandailing Language to Indonesian: A Case Study. Passage, 3(2), 64-76.

Ismail, Abdul Kadir. Machmoed, Hamzah A. Usman, Moses. (2018). Interference Of Malay Manado Language Toward Indonesian Language By Students’ Speech In Gorontalo State University. Al-Lisan 3(1):1-15. DOI:10.30603/al.v3i1.367

Jaya. (2018). Phonological Interference Of Buginese Into Indonesian By Buginese Speakers In Tolitoli Central Sulawesi (A study of transformational-generative phonology). (Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia). Retrieved from http://eprints.undip.ac.id/62740/

Li, Huili. Baryadi, I. Praptomo. Wijana, I Dewa Putu. (2019). Sound Pattern Of Indonesian Plosives. Linguistik Indonesia, 37(1). DOI:10.26499/li.v37i1.84

Wulandari, Dea Rakhimafa. Nugraheni, Aninditya Sri. (2019). Variation Phonology Of Indonesian Language In Minangkabau Speakers. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(12).

prefix[edit]

  • meng-:
    • me- (IPA(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
    • mem- (IPA(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
    • men- (IPA(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
    • meng- (IPA(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /e/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
    • menge- (IPA(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
    • meny- (IPA(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
    • Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
  • peng-:
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/l/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/m/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/n/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/ŋ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/ɲ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/r/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/w/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/j/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pə/
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/b/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/p/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/f/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəm/ (will remove initial /p/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/t͡ʃ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/d/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/d͡ʒ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/t/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/z/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pən/ (will remove initial /t/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/ɡ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/h/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/k/</span>, vowels" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəŋ/
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/s/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəɲ/ (before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before monosyllabic roots" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəŋə/
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