User:Victar/About Proto-Piro-Apurinã

Proto-Piro-Apurinã is the ancestor of the Piro-Apurinã languages: Yine, Manchineri, Iñapari, and Apurinã.

Phonology and notation

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p	t		k
Affricate		ts	tʃ	tx
Fricative		s	ʃ	x	h
Flap		r
Approximant		l	j	w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, ɪ	ɨ	u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Development in the Piro-Apurinã languages

Proto-Piro-Apurinã	Apurinã	Iñapari	Yine	Example
*p	p	p	p	("agouti") > pekiri, pehirí, pexri
*t	t	t [t], [tʃ]1, [tʲ]2	t [t], [tʃ]3; h [x]4	*katato ("butterfly") > katato, atʃatú, katato
*ts	ts [ts], [tʃ]1		ts	*tsɨna-ka ("urine") > tsɨnaka, tɨnaʔa, tsɨnáka
*tx			t
*tʃ	tx [tʃ]		ch [tʲ]
*k	k	∅3	k	*kanawa ("canoe") > kanawa (kanaɰa), ∅anawá (anawa), kanawa (kanawa)
*s	s	∅6	s	*kasɨrɨ ("moon") > kasery (kasɨrɨ), a∅ïrḯ (aɨrɨ), ksuru (ksɨrɨ)
*ʃ	x [ʃ]	h [h], [χ]1, [x]8	sh [ʃ]
*h	h		g [h]
*x	x [x], [ʃ]1	∅5	j [x̯]
	th [c7
*ɾ	r	r	r [r], [ʐ]9
*l			l
*m	m	m	m
*n	n	n	n	*nene ("tongue") > nẽnẽ (“nɨ̃nɨ̃”), nenípati (nenipati), nnu- (nnɨ-)
	nh [ɲ]			("louse") > nhipatxi (“ɲipatʃi”), hapatí (χapati), [Term?] (xepatʃi)
*y [j]	y [j]	y [j]	i, y [j]
*w	w [ɰ]	w	w [w], [β]10
*a	a	a	a
*e	e	e	e
*i	i, y [i]	i	i
*ɪ	i, y [ɨ]	i	u [ɨ]
*ɨ		ɨ, -i
*o	o	o	o
*u		u

1. Before *i.
2. Before *a.
3. Before word-final *i.
4. Word initial before *a.
5. Word initial before *a or *u.
6. Before *a, *e, *o or *u.
7. Between two *i.
8. Before ɨ.
9. After *n.
10. Before front vowels.