astoing

Old Irish

Etymology

From a conflation of Proto-Celtic *exsstungeti (“to bend out”) and tongaid (“to swear”). The two verbs are genetically unrelated.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /asˈtoŋʲɡʲ/

Verb

as·toing (prototonic ·eitig, verbal noun etech)

1. to refuse
   • c. 800–900, Serglige Con Chulainn, from the Lebor na hUídre, published in Serglige Con Culainn, Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 14, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1953, edited by Myles Dillon, section 26

     Ní ettis nech cena domanches.

     May you not refuse anyone... [unintelligible; without a cow? except in the case of bad service? without a burdensome retinue (if read as cena dáim n-ainceisse]?

   • Sechtae, published in Ancient Laws of Ireland: Uraicecht Becc and Certain Other Selected Brehon Law Tracts (1901, Dublin: Stationery Office), edited and with translations by W. Neilson Hancock, Thaddeus O'Mahony, Alexander George Richey, and Robert Atkinson, vol. 5, pp. 117-373, page 176

     [...] ben is·toing cach richt, ate mná ind-so ná dlé lóg-enech.

     ...women who refuse [food] to every kind of person, these are the women who do not deserve any honour-price.

Inflection

Complex, class B III present, reduplicated preterite, s subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Deut.			as·toing
	Prot.			·eitig				·eitegar
Imperfect indicative	Deut.
	Prot.
Preterite	Deut.
	Prot.
Perfect	Deut.			at·cuitig
	Prot.
Future	Deut.
	Prot.
Conditional	Deut.
	Prot.
Present subjunctive	Deut.			as·tó
	Prot.		·ettis
Past subjunctive	Deut.
	Prot.
Imperative
Verbal noun		etech
Past participle
Verbal of necessity

Descendants

• Middle Irish: etchid
  • Irish: eitigh

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
as·toing	as·thoing	as·toing pronounced with /-d(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “as-toing”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language