dus

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dus"

Catalan

Verb

dus

1. second-person singular present indicative of dur

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdus]

Verb

dus

1. second-person singular imperative of dusit

Danish

Etymology

From the pronoun du, under the influence of the obsolete verb duse (“to address informally”), which was borrowed from German duzen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈd̥us]

Adjective

dus (uninflected)

1. (largely historical) in a relationship that would warrant use of the informal du, as opposed to the formal De
2. (by extension) familiar with
   • 2016, Gustav Wied, Livsens ondskab, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:

     Men Landbruget? spurgte Degnen, der jo havde været Dus med Vorherre i femogtyve Aar, baade Hellig og Søgn og derfor tog ham med forholdsvis Ro

     But the farming? the deacon asked, who, as is known, has been intimate with our lord in twenty-five years, on the holidays as on the everydays, and who therefore took him with relative calm

   • 2016, Lars Daneskov, Far på færde, Politikens Forlag, →ISBN:

     Jeg kender mænd, der i perioder har kunnet samtlige tilbud i TV-Shop udenad og været dus med hovedpersonerne i enhver australsk sitcom sendt på en kabelkanal om natten.

     I know men who, in periods, have known all offers in TV-Shop by rote and been highly familiar with the protagonists in each Australian sitcom sent on a cable-channel in the night.

   • 1982, Det Danske bogmarked:

     De fleste af vore seriøse forlag er eller har været mere end dus med begrebet.

     Most of our serious publishers are or have been more than familiar with the concept.

   • 2011, Jesper Kaae, Gratis CMS med Joomla (2. udg), Libris Media A/S, →ISBN, page 81:

     Og faktisk skal du også helst være dus med et billedredigeringsprogram som f. eks. Photoshop.

     And in fact, you should, preferably, be familiar with an image editor like Photoshop.

Usage notes

The formal De is all but abandoned outside of certain very impersonal contexts, and using du is never rude.

Adverb

dus

1. in the phrase drikke dus, "to introduce an informal relationship".

Coordinate terms

• Des

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch dos, dus, from Old Dutch thus, from Proto-West Germanic *þus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʏs/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: dus
• Rhymes: -ʏs

Adverb

dus

1. so, therefore, thus, ergo

Usage notes

Dus is an unusual adverb in that it does not trigger mandatory inversion when it is placed at the front of a clause, instead inversion is optional: dus zij is beter and dus is zij beter are both correct as fronted variants of zij is dus beter.

Descendants

• Afrikaans: dus
• → Indonesian: dus
• → Sranan Tongo: dùs
  • → Caribbean Javanese: dhes

Fala

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese dos, equivalent to de (“of”) +‎ us (masculine plural definite article).

Alternative forms

• dos (Mañegu)

Contraction

dus m pl (singular du, feminine da, feminine plural das)

1. (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu) of the

Etymology 2

Numeral

dus f (masculine dois)

1. (Lagarteiru) Apocopic form of dúas (“two”)

Usage notes

• In Lagarteiru, this apocopic form is used in place of dúas when preceding a feminine plural noun as part of a noun phrase.

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN
• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[2], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dy/

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

dus

1. first/second-person singular past historic of devoir

Participle

dus m pl

1. masculine plural of dû

Anagrams

• sud

German

Alternative forms

• du's

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duːs/
• Hyphenation: dus

Contraction

dus

1. Contraction of du es.
   • 1843, Brothers Grimm, “Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 1‎^[3], 5th edition, pages 3–4:

     „Königstochter, jüngste, mach mir auf, weißt du nicht was gestern du zu mir gesagt bei dem kühlen Brunnenwasser? Königstochter, jüngste, mach mir auf.“ Da sagte der König „hast dus versprochen, so mußt dus auch halten; geh nur und mach ihm auf.“

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Guinea-Bissau Creole cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : dus

Etymology

From Portuguese dois. Cognate with Kabuverdianu dos.

Numeral

dus

1. two (2)

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdʊs]
• Hyphenation: dus

Etymology 1

From Dutch doos (“box”). Doublet of dosis.

Noun

dus (first-person possessive dusku, second-person possessive dusmu, third-person possessive dusnya)

1. box.

   Synonym: kardus

Alternative forms

• dos: nonstandard Indonesian, standard Malay

Etymology 2

From Dutch dus (“thus”).

Particle

dus

1. (colloquial) thus, so.

   Synonym: jadi

Etymology 3

From Dutch douche (“shower”).

Noun

dus (first-person possessive dusku, second-person possessive dusmu, third-person possessive dusnya)

1. (colloquial) shower, a device for bathing by which water is made to fall on the body from a height, either from a tank or by the action of a pump.

Further reading

• “dus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

dus

1. Romanization of ꦢꦸꦱ꧀

Latvian

Verb

dus

1. third-person singular/plural present indicative of dusēt
2. (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of dusēt
3. (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of dusēt

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch thus, from Proto-Germanic *þus.

Adverb

dus

1. thus, in this way
2. therefore

Alternative forms

• dos

Derived terms

• aldus

Descendants

• Dutch: dus
• Limburgish: dös

Further reading

• “dus”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “dus”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Miskito

Noun

dus

1. tree

Norman

Verb

dus

1. first-person singular preterite of d'ver

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈtuːs/

Pronoun

dūs

1. locative of don

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From du (“you (singular)”), influenced by dus (Etymology 2).

Adjective

dus (singular and plural dus)

1. having sufficient lack of formal distance (of interpersonal relationships)
   1. (originally) Being on terms where one may address each other with the 2nd person pronoun du, as opposed to the historically more formal De.
   2. Familiar, intimate
   3. Informal

Antonyms

• dis

Old French

Noun

dus m

1. inflection of duc:
   1. oblique plural
   2. nominative singular

Old Javanese

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ziuq (“bathe”), from Proto-Austronesian *diRus (“bathe”). Doublet of dyus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dus/

Noun

dus

1. bath

Derived terms

• adus
• dinus
• dinusan
• makadus
• pinakadus

 

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦢꦸꦱ꧀ (dus) (inherited)

Further reading

• "dus" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Romanian

Etymology

Past participle of duce.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dus]

Noun

dus n (uncountable)

1. departure

Declension

declension of dus (singular only)

	singular
n gender	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) dus	dusul
genitive/dative	(unui) dus	dusului
vocative	dusule

Adjective

dus m or n (feminine singular dusă, masculine plural duși, feminine and neuter plural duse)

1. someone who has left and will not come back
2. dead
3. absent-minded
4. crazy

Declension

Declension of dus

		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	dus		dusă	duși	duse
	definite	dusul		dusa	dușii	dusele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	dus		duse	duși	duse
	definite	dusului		dusei	dușilor	duselor

Verb

dus (past participle of duce)

1. past participle of duce

Romansch

Alternative forms

• duos (Puter, Vallader)

Etymology

From Latin duōs, masculine accusative of duo.

Numeral

dus m (feminine duas)

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran) two

Usage notes

Only Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, and Sutsilvan have a separate feminine form; in Surmiran, dus is epicene.